Chidzidzo Chenyaya Pamusoro Pemutemo waArchimedes: Nheyo Isingaperi yeFizikisi
Mutemo waArchimedes, unowanzo nyorwa mumutsara wekuti "Eureka!", ndeimwe yenzvimbo huru dzakawanikwa mufizikisi yekare. Wakagadzirwa naArchimedes weSyracuse, nyanzvi yemasvomhu yechiGiriki, fizikisi, mainjiniya, muvambi, uye nyanzvi yenyeredzi muzana remakore rechitatu BCE. Mutemo uyu, unozivikanwawo semutemo wekudzika kwemvura, unotsanangura kuti nei zvinhu zvichiyangarara kana kunyura mumvura, uye une zvazvinoreva zvikuru muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kubva kuinjiniya kusvika kumishonga. Chidzidzo ichi chinotarisa mamiriro enhoroondo, kusimbiswa kwekuyedza, uye mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana eMutemo waArchimedes, zvichiratidza kukosha kwawo kusingaperi.
Nhoroondo Yenhoroondo
Mutemo waArchimedes unozivikanwa nenhau yaArchimedes achikumbirwa kuti aone kana korona yakagadzirirwa Mambo Hiero II yakagadzirwa negoridhe chaiyo kana kuti yakashongedzwa nesirivha nenzira yekunyengera. Ngano dzinoti paakapinda mubhavhu rake, Archimedes akaona mvura ichikwira uye pakarepo akanzwisisa kuti simba rinopfuta rinoiswa pachinhu chakanyudzwa mumvura rakaenzana nehuremu hwemvura yakabviswa nechinhu chacho. Zvinonzi akafadzwa zvikuru nekuziviswa uku zvekuti akamhanya mumigwagwa yeSyracuse asina kupfeka, achidanidzira kuti “Eureka!” zvichireva kuti “Ndaiwana!”
Kunyange zvazvo nyaya iyi ichikakavadzana nezvekururama kwenhoroondo, mutemo wacho pachawo wakasimba uye wakatsanangurwa nemasvomhu. Mutemo waArchimedes unogona kutaurwa zviri pamutemo seizvi:
\[ \text{Buoyant force} = \text{Huremu hwemvura yakabviswa} \]
Nheyo iyi haina kungotsanangura kuyerera kwemvura chete asiwo yakasimbisa pfungwa huru dzekushandiswa kwemvura.
Kuongorora Kuongorora
Kusimbiswa kweMutemo weArchimedes kunogona kuitwa kuburikidza nekuyedza kwakasiyana-siyana kuri nyore. Funga nezvegadziriro yakajairika yerabhoritari:
1. Zvishandiso:
– Sirinda yakagadzikwa kana kuti chirongo chevolumetric
- Mvura
– Chinhu chakasimba (semuenzaniso, sirinda yesimbi)
- Tambo
- Chiyero chedhijitari
2. Maitiro:
1. Yera huremu hwechinhu chakasimba chiri mumhepo uchishandisa chikero chedhijitari.
2. Zadza silinda yakapedza kudzidza nemvura wobva wanyora huwandu hwemvura pakutanga.
3. Sunga tambo yakatenderedza chinhu chakasimba, chinyudze chose mumvura usingabate mativi esirinda, uye cherechedza huwandu hutsva hwemvura.
4. Verenga huwandu hwemvura yakabviswa nekubvisa huwandu hwemvura yekutanga kubva pahuwandu hutsva hwemvura.
5. Bvisa chinhu chacho wochiyera zvakare huremu hwacho, panguva ino chichinyudzwa mumvura uchishandisa chikero.
3. Kucherechedza:
- Chinhu chakanyudzwa mumvura chinodzikira huremu hwacho hunoonekwa.
– Musiyano uripo pakati pehuremu hwechinhu chiri mumhepo nehuremu hwacho huri pachena mumvura wakaenzana nehuremu hwemvura yakabviswa.
4. Mhedziso:
– Kuedza uku kunosimbisa kuti simba rinofamba-famba richishanda mudenga pachinhu chiri pasi pemvura rakaenzana nehuremu hwemvura yakabviswa, nokudaro zvichisimbisa Mutemo waArchimedes.
Zvikumbiro muInjiniya
Pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvifambe zvine simba ine zvazvinoreva zvikuru muinjiniya, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwengarava nengarava dzepasi pemvura.
1. Kuvaka ngarava:
– Kugadzirwa kwengarava kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekuwana chiyero chakakodzera pakati pehuremu hwengarava nesimba rinofamba pamusoro payo. Ngarava inofanira kubvisa huwandu hwemvura ine huremu hwakaenzana nehuremu hwese hwengarava kuti iyangarare.
– Mainjiniya emazuva ano anoshandisa makombiyuta ekutevedzera uye bvunzo dzemhando mumatangi emvura kufanotaura kuti magadzirirwo matsva achaita sei, vachiona kuti anozadzisa Mutemo waArchimedes wekugadzikana uye kugadzikana.
2. Ngarava dzepasi pemvura:
– Ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzinoshanda nepfungwa yekudzikama nekudzora huwandu hwadzo kana tichienzanisa nemvura. Nekugadzirisa huwandu hwemvura mumatangi adzo ekudzivirira ngarava, ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzinogona kunyura kana pamusoro.
– Kana matangi emvura azere nemvura, huwandu hwemvura iri mugungwa hunokura kupfuura hwemvura yakapoteredza, zvichiita kuti inyure. Kusiyana neizvi, mvura painotsiviwa nemhepo, huwandu hwemvura hunoderera, uye mvura iri mugungwa inokwira.
Zvikumbiro muMishonga
Mutemo waArchimedes unoshandawo mune zvehutano, kunyanya pakuyera kuumbwa kwemuviri.
1. Kuyera Mvura:
- Nzira iyi inoshandiswa kuyera huwandu hwemuviri uye kufungidzira huwandu hwemafuta mumuviri.
– Maitiro aya anosanganisira kunyudza munhu mumvura uye kuyera huwandu hwemuviri wabviswa. Simba rinoita kuti muviri ugone kuyerera rinobatsira kuverenga huwandu hwemuviri, iro rinozoshandiswa kufungidzira huwandu hwemafuta asina mafuta akawanda.
- Kuyera uremu hwemuviri nenzira ye hydrostatic kunoonekwa seimwe yenzira dzakarurama dzekuongorora maumbirwo emuviri, kunyangwe ichida michina nemamiriro ezvinhu akakosha.
Mashandisirwo muSainzi Yezvakatipoteredza
Nheyo dzekusimbisa nharaunda dzakakoshawo musainzi yezvakatipoteredza, kunyanya mukunzwisisa ruzivo rwegungwa nezvidzidzo zvemumhepo.
1. Ongororo yegungwa:
- Kudzidza nezvemvura yemugungwa, mafungu, uye kupararira kwezvisikwa zvemugungwa kunobva pakunzwisisa kuti kuyerera kwemvura kunokanganisa sei kufamba kwemvura.
– Kusiyana kwehuwandu hwemvura yegungwa, kunokonzerwa nekusiyana kwekupisa uye munyu, kunoita kuti mvura yegungwa ifambe zvakanaka, zvichiita basa rakakosha mukuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose.
2. Sainzi yeMhepo:
– Kusimba kwemhepo kwakakoshawo mukuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Mhepo inodziya, isina kusimba zvakanyanya, inokwira mumhepo, ichigadzira mafungu emhepo anotungamira mamiriro ekunze.
- Nheyo iyi inokosha kumamodheru anofanotaura maitiro emamiriro ekunze uye anonzwisisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Kudzidza Kwoupenyu Hwese uye Kubatsira Kwazvinoita Munzanga
Nyaya yaArchimedes inosimbisa kukosha kwekuda kuziva uye kuongorora kwakaitwa nenyanzvi mukutsvaga kwesainzi. Nheyo yake haina kungoisa hwaro hwezvidzidzo zvemangwana mu fluid mechanics asiwo yakaratidza simba remhinduro dziri nyore uye dzakanaka mukutsanangura zviitiko zvechisikigo.
Uyezve, Mutemo waArchimedes unoramba uri pfungwa huru inodzidziswa mufizikisi nehurongwa hweinjiniya pasi rose. Unoshanda semuenzaniso mukuru wekuti zvakawanikwa zvedzidziso zvinogona sei kuva nemashandisirwo anoshanda, chaiwo epasi rose anotora mazana emakore.
mhedziso
Mutemo waArchimedes unoratidza kuti nheyo dzesainzi dzinogara kwenguva refu. Kubva kuGreece yekare kusvika kumazuva ano, unoramba uchijekesa kunzwisisa kwedu nyika inooneka. Mashandisirwo awo muminda yakasiyana-siyana seinjiniya, mushonga, nesainzi yezvakatipoteredza anosimbisa kukosha kwawo kukuru uye kushanda kwawo. Sezvatinoramba tichigadzira nekugadzirisa matambudziko matsva, huchenjeri husingaperi hwenguva yaArchimedes inonzi "Eureka!" inotiyeuchidza kuti nheyo dzefizikisi dzinoshanda pasi rose, dzakamirira kuwanikwa uye kushandiswa nenzira itsva.
