Kushandiswa kweCalorimeters mukuyedza
Munyaya yekutsvagisa nedzidzo yesainzi, calorimeter inomira sechishandiso chakakosha, ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha mukuchinjana kwekupisa kunotsigira maitiro asingaverengeki emuviri nemakemikari. Calorimetry, kuyerwa kwekufambiswa kwekupisa mukati mehurongwa, kunoita basa rakakosha muminda yakasiyana-siyana yakadai sekemesitiri, fizikisi, biology, uye kunyange mainjiniya. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa kushandiswa kwema calorimeters munzvimbo dzekuedza, ichisimbisa mhando dzawo, misimboti, mashandisirwo awo, uye kukosha kwawo.
Nheyo dzeCalorimetry
Pachinyanya kukosha, calorimetry isayenzi yekuyera kupisa kwemakemikari kana shanduko dzemuviri. Calorimeter, chishandiso chinoshandiswa mukuyera uku, chinoshanda pahwaro hwekuchengetedza simba. Kana chiitiko chikaitika kana shanduko yemuviri ikaitika, kupisa kunotamiswa kuenda kana kubva muhurongwa kunotorwa kana kuburitswa nenharaunda. Nekuyera kuchinja kwekupisa uku, munhu anogona kuverenga kupisa kuri mukuita uku.
Mhando dzeMacaloriemeter
Mhando dzakasiyana dzema calorimeter dzinoshandiswa zvichienderana nerudzi rwekuyedza uye kunyatsodiwa. Ma calorimeter anonyanya kushandiswa ndeaya:
1. Calorimeter Iri Nyore/Inogara Iripo: Inowanzozivikanwa sema calorimeter emukombe wekofi, aya anowanzo shandiswa pakuita kwemakemikari anoitika pakumanikidzwa kwemhepo nguva dzose. Ari nyore kugadzira, kazhinji achishandisa kapu yeStyrofoam, thermometer, uye stirrer. Ma calorimeter aya haafanire kuchinjana kupisa nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza.
2. Bhomba reCalorimeter: Iyo mhando yepamusoro, bhomba reCalorimeter rinoshandiswa kuyera kupisa kwekutsva kwezvinhu. Rine mudziyo wesimbi wakasimba (bhomba) uko chinhu chacho chinobatidzwa munzvimbo ine okisijeni yakawanda. Bhomba rinoiswa mubhavhu remvura, uye shanduko yekupisa mumvura inoyerwa kuti ione kupisa kunoburitswa kubva mukutsva.
3. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC): Chishandiso ichi chakaoma chinoyera kuyerera kwekupisa kunoenderana nekuchinja kwezvinhu sekushandiswa kwekupisa. Chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kudzidza kuchinja kwechikamu, senge kunyunguduka, kupenya kwekristaro, uye kuchinja kwegirazi, mumapolymer nezvimwe zvinhu.
4. Isothermal Titration Calorimeter (ITC): Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutsvagisa kwemakemikari, ITC inoyera kupisa kunoburitswa kana kunyudzwa panguva yezviitiko zvekubatanidza mamorekuru. Inopa ruzivo rwakananga pamusoro pekubatana kwemamorekuru, stoichiometry, shanduko dze enthalpy, uye kinetics yekudyidzana, zvinokosha mukudzidza mashandiro ema enzyme, kudyidzana kwemapuroteni nema ligand, nezvimwewo.
Kushanda Mazano
Kushanda kwe calorimeter kunoenderana nekuyera tembiricha kwakanyatsojeka uye dzimwe nguva kuchinja kwemamiriro emuviri. Semuenzaniso:
- Mu calorimeter iri nyore, kupisa kunochinjaniswa mukuita kunoverengwa uchishandisa fomura:
\[ q = mc\Delta T \]
apo \( q \) iri kupisa kunotsinhaniswa, \( m \) iri huremu hwemhinduro, \( c \) ndiyo chaiyo simba rekupisa, uye \( \Delta T \) ndiyo shanduko yekupisa.
– Karorimita yebhomba inoyera kupisa kunokonzerwa nekutsva nekuyera kukwira kwekupisa kwemvura yakapoteredza. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakaoma kunoita kuti kupisa kushoma kurasikirwa, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kwazvo.
– DSC inoshanda nekudziisa sample uye kuidzosera mumamiriro ezvinhu akarongwa sezvo tembiricha dzadzo dzichisiyana. Kuyerera kwekupisa kwakasiyana kunoteverwa kuti kuonekwe kushanduka kwechikamu.
- ITC inoyera masaini ekupisa madiki anobva pakuiswa kwe ligand mumhinduro yemuenzaniso, zvichibvumira kutsanangurwa kwakadzama kwekubatana kwe thermodynamic.
Mashandisirwo eCalorimetry
Chemistry
Mumarabhoritari emakemikari, ma calorimeters maturusi akakosha pakuona reaction enthalpies. Anobatsira mukuona exothermic uye endothermic reactions, kunzwisisa reaction mechanisms, uye kusimbisa thermodynamic factories. Semuenzaniso, bomb calorimetry inokosha pakudzidza mashandisirwo emafuta uye huwandu hwesimba rezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kuchikafu kusvika ku biofuels.
Physics
Kuyerwa kwecalorie kwakakosha musainzi yezvinhu uye fizikisi yezvinhu zvakapfupikiswa. Semuenzaniso, DSC inobatsira kuona shanduko dzechikamu mufizikisi yesolid-state, yakakosha pakugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvine hunhu hwakasiyana hwekupisa. Kunzwisisa kugona kwekupisa uye kufambisa kwekupisa kwezvinhu ndizvo zvakakosha muminda yakaita sesuperconductivity uye thermal management.
Biology
Musainzi yezvebhayoloji, calorimetry inopa mukana wekuona mashandiro emetabolism uye kudyidzana kwemamorekuru. ITC inzvimbo ine simba mu biochemistry, ichiratidza kuti ma enzymes anoshanda sei ne substrates, mishonga inobatana nemapuroteni, uye kuti ma antibodies anoshanda sei nema antigen. Ruzivo rwakadaro rwakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemishonga, injiniya yema enzyme, uye kunzwisisa zvirwere padanho remamorekuru.
Environmental Science
Kuyera macalorie kunobatsira pakuongorora kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro ekupisa. Nekuongorora kupisa kunoburitswa panguva yekupiswa kwemafuta akasiyana, masayendisiti anogona kugadzirisa maitiro ekudzokorodza, kutonga marara, uye kugadzira mafuta anopisa akachena.
Kukosha kweCalorimetry muDzidzo
Macaloriemeters aripo munzvimbo dzakawanda mumarabhoritari edzidzo, achidzidzisa vadzidzi misimboti yethermodynamics uye kutamiswa kwekupisa. Nekuita bvunzo dzemacalorie dzinoitwa nemaoko, vadzidzi vanowana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuchengetedza simba, reaction kinetics, uye hunhu hwezvinhu. Unyanzvi uhwu hwakakosha pakusimudzira kuferefeta kwesainzi nekugadzirisa matambudziko mumasayendisiti anoda kutanga.
Zvinetso uye Zvitsva
Pasinei nekukosha kwayo, calorimetry ine matambudziko. Kuyera kwakarurama kunoda kuyera kwakanyatsojeka, uye kuderedza kurasikirwa nekupisa kazhinji idambudziko rekugadzira. Kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva kuri kuramba kuchikwidza miganhu yehunyanzvi hwe calorimetric, nechinangwa chekuva nekunzwa kwakanyanya, otomatiki, uye kubatanidzwa nedzimwe nzira dzekuongorora.
Semuenzaniso, microcalorimetry yave nzira ine simba yekudzidza zvinhu zvidiki-diki nemazvo. Zvitsva zvakaita se nanocalorimetry zviri kuvhura nzira itsva dzekutsvaga hunhu hwekupisa pa nanoscales, zvakakosha kune nanotechnology nesainzi yezvinhu zvepamusoro.
mhedziso
Karorimita, ine mashandisirwo ayo akasiyana-siyana uye misimboti mikuru, inoramba iri musimboti wesainzi yekuedza. Kubva pakutsanangura maitiro emakemikari kusvika pakunzwisisa maitiro ehupenyu uye kugadzirisa mashandisirwo emaindasitiri, basa remakarorimita harina kukosha. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, ndizvo zvichaitawo kugona uye kururama kwekuyera makarorimita, zvichiramba zvichiwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwezviitiko zvekupisa zvinotonga nyika yechisikigo. Ingave iri murabhoritari yechikoro chesekondari kana kuyunivhesiti yepamusoro yekutsvagisa, kugona kwekarorimita kuratidza kutamba kwakavanzika kwesimba rekupisa kucharamba kuchijekesa nzira yekuwana kwesainzi.
