Sei Zvicherwa Zvine Mamwe Maumbirwo eKristaro?
Kana wakamboona quartz yakaita seprism, munyu wetafura unotaridzika sema cubes madiki, kana kuti pyrite, inowanzo fanana nemadhayisi egoridhe, ungashamisika kuti: sei zvicherwa zvine mamwe maumbirwo ekristaro? Runako rwemaumbirwo ezvicherwa harisi tsaona. Ndiwo "masaririra" ekuti maatomu echicherwa akarongwa sei uye kuti chicherwa chinokura sei muzvisikwa. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura zvikonzero zvesainzi zviri shure kwemaumbirwo ekristaro ezvicherwa, kubva pakurongeka kwemaatomu, maitiro ekuumbwa, kusvika kuzvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza zvinopesvedzera chimiro chazvo chekupedzisira.
1. Zvicherwa nemakristaro: chii chiri kubatana?
Zvicherwa zvinhu zvakasimba zvinongoitika zvechisikigo (zvinoumbwa pasina kupindira kwevanhu), kazhinji zvisingasanganisike, zvine makemikari chaiwo uye chimiro chemukati chakajairika. Chimiro ichi chemukati chakajairika chinonzi chimiro chekristaro. Saka, patinoti chicherwa "chinopenya," hatirevi chimiro chayo chekunze chakakombama chete, asi maatomu ayo akarongwa zvakanaka nenzira inodzokororwa.
Chimiro chekunze chekristaro (chinonzi tsika yekristaro) chinoratidza chimiro chemukati, kunyange hazvo chisiri chakakwana nguva dzose nekuti chinopesvedzerwa nemamiriro ekuumbwa.
2. Chikonzero chikuru: kurongeka kwemaatomu mukristaro lattice
Padanho re microscopic, maatomu ari mumaminerari akarongwa nenzira inodzokororwa ye three-dimensional pattern, inonzi crystal lattice. Pattern iyi inotsanangurwa ne:
- Hukuru uye simba remaatomu/maion ari muchikamu
- Rudzi rwechisungo chemakemikari (ionic, covalent, metallic, kana yakasanganiswa)
- Maitiro anoita mayunitsi madiki (semuenzaniso tetrahedrons dzesilicate) kuti aite maumbirwo makuru
Nekuti chimiro chavo chemukati chakajairwa, kukura kwemaminerari kunowanzova kwakajairwawo. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nemativi akati sandara akafanana (zviso) uye mamwe makona. Ndosaka quartz ichiwanzogadzira maprism ane hexagonal, nepo halite (NaCl) ichiwanzogadzira macubes.
Muenzaniso uri nyore
– Halite (munyu wedombo, NaCl): Maion eNa⁺ neCl⁻ akarongwa muchimiro che cubic pattern. Pakukura, chimiro chinonyatsokodzera urongwa uhwu i cube.
– Quartz (SiO₂): kurongeka kwe silica tetrahedrons kunogadzira hexagonal symmetry, zvekuti chimiro chekunze chinowanzova prism ine mativi matanhatu ine magumo epiramidhi.
3. Kuenzana kwekristaro uye "mitemo" yekurongeka kwechimiro
Makristaro anoratidza symmetry, inova kudzokorora kwemaitiro akafanana kana akatenderedzwa kana kuratidzwa mune imwe nzira. Symmetry iyi inoparadzanisa makristaro kuita masisitimu e crystallographic. Kazhinji, kune masisitimu manomwe makuru e crystal:
1. Cubic (isometric)
2. Tetragonal
3. Orthorhombic
4. Hexagonal
5. Trigonal
6. Kiriniki yeMonoclinic
7. Triclin
Sisitimu yega yega ine mitemo yayo yakasiyana yemakona nehupamhi hwe axis. Nokudaro, zvicherwa zviri mukati mesisitimu imwe chete zvinowanzoratidza maitiro akafanana echimiro. Semuenzaniso, zvicherwa zviri musisitimu ye cubic zvinowanzo kuratidza maumbirwo e cube, octahedron, kana dodecahedron.
4. Sei dzimwe nzvimbo dzichinyanya kudzorwa? Simba repamusoro
Kunyange zvazvo jira rekristaro richipa "dhizaini yekutanga," chimiro chekupedzisira chinotsanangurwa nekuti ndeapi mapuraneti akasimba zvakanyanya. Mukukura kwekristaro:
– Mapurani ane simba shoma pamusoro anowanzo gara kwenguva refu uye anoonekwa semakristaro.
– Minda ine simba guru pamusoro pevhu inowanzokura nekukurumidza uye pakupedzisira "inonyangarika" kubva pachimiro chekunze.
Nemamwe mashoko, makristaro "anosarudza" chimiro chinoderedza simba rose. Iyi nheyo inobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei mineral imwe chete ichigona kuva nemaumbirwo akasiyana-siyana uku ichiri kutevera miganhu yakaenzana.
5. Mamiriro ekukura: nzvimbo, nguva, uye kuwanikwa kwezvinhu
Chimiro chekristaro chinokonzerwa zvakanyanya nenzvimbo inoumbwa chicherwa ichi. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha ndeizvi:
a) Nzvimbo yekukura
Kana chicherwa chine nzvimbo dzisina chinhu (senge makomba ari mumatombo anoputika kana ma geodes), makristaro anogona kukura zvakasununguka uye kuumba zviso zvakasiyana zvekristaro. Zvisinei, kana akakura munzvimbo dzakamanikana, makristaro anoungana pamwe chete uye anova nechimiro chisina kurongeka.
Muenzaniso:
- Makristasi e quartz ari muma geodes anowanzo kuve akapinza uye akajeka.
– Quartz iri mumatombo akaomarara inogona kunge yakaita sekristaro isina chimiro chakajeka cheprism.
b) Kukurumidza kutonhora kana kugadzira
– Kutonhodza zvishoma nezvishoma (semuenzaniso mukupinda kwe magma) kunobvumira maatomu kurongeka zvakanaka → makristaro makuru uye maumbirwo akafanana.
– Kutonhora nekukurumidza (semuenzaniso lava iri pamusoro) kunoita kuti maatomu "avharwe" asati arongeka → makristaro madiki kana kunyange girazi rekuputika kwemakomo (risina makristaro).
c) Kuwanda uye kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvemakemikari
Kana zvinhu zvirimo zvakawanda uye zvakagadzikana, makristaro anogona kukura zvakanaka. Kana huwandu hwezvinhu hukachinja-chinja, kukura kunova kusina kuenzana, zvichikonzera maumbirwo akakanganisika kana kuti akaumbwa nezvikamu.
6. Tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, uye basa remvura/mushonga
Zvicherwa zvakawanda zvinokura kubva mumvura inopisa (mvura inopisa, ine zvicherwa zvakawanda) kana kubva pakuchinja kwedombo (kuchinja kwedombo nekuda kwekupisa nekumanikidzwa). Kupisa nekumanikidzwa kunokanganisa zvicherwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:
– Sarudza kuti ndeapi mamineral akagadzikana (mamwe mamineral anongoonekwa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akati wandei).
– Inochinja mwero wekupararira kwemaatomu, nokudaro ichikanganisa saizi uye mhando yemakristaro.
– Inokanganisa kunyungudika: zvicherwa zvinowira kana mamiriro ezvinhu achichinja (semuenzaniso, mvura inotonhorera kana kuti kumanikidzwa kwayo kuderera).
Mvura inogonawo kukurumidzisa maitiro ekuumbwa kwekristaro nekuti inoita kuti zvive nyore kuti maion afambe uye aungane kuti aumbe lattice.
7. Kusachena uye zvikanganiso zvekristaro: chimiro chinogona kuchinja
Zvicherwa hazviwanzo 100% zvakachena. Mamwe maion anogona kupinda mu crystal lattice seanotsiva mamwe maatomu (kutsiva). Tsvina iyi inogona:
– Chinja ruvara (semuenzaniso amethyst: quartz yepepuru nekuda kwesimba rezvinhu zvidiki uye mwaranzi).
- Kuchinja kukura kwemakristaro kuitira kuti chimiro chawo chisave "chakanaka".
– Zvinokonzera zvikanganiso (kuputsika) zvinokanganisa kupenya uye kuomarara kweganda.
Kunyangwe kana paine zvikanganiso, chimiro chepakutanga chinoramba chichitevedzera mitemo yekristarografi, saka chimiro chakazara chinogona kuonekwa.
8. Kubatana uye kuunganidzwa: makristaro anoita seasinganzwisisike asi achiri akajairwa.
Dzimwe nguva makristaro maviri kana kupfuura anokura akabatana mune imwe neimwe nenzira yakatarwa, yakarongeka. Izvi zvinonzi crystal twinning. Twinning inogona kugadzira maumbirwo akasiyana anoita seakaoma asi achinyatsotevedzera mitemo yekuenzanisa.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvicherwa zvinowanzokura sema aggregates: muunganidzwa wemakristaro madiki akawanda. Mu aggregates, chimiro chemakristaro ega ega chakaoma kuona, asi kuchine kurongeka pachiyero chidiki.
9. Sei chicherwa chimwe chete chingave nemaumbirwo akasiyana?
Tinogona kuwana chicherwa chimwe chete asi chimiro chacho chinosiyana. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti:
– Mamiriro akasiyana ekukura (tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, mhinduro, nzvimbo)
- Kusiyana kwekukura kwezvirimwa munzira dzakasiyana-siyana
- Kuvapo kwetsvina kana zvimwe zvicherwa zvinotadzisa kukura
- Kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kana kukurwa kwevhu kunochinja pamusoro pekristaro
Zvisinei, kunyangwe chimiro chekunze chingachinja, makona ari pakati pemakristaro ari mumineral imwe chete anowanzo gara akafanana. Mu classical crystallography, izvi zvinozivikanwa sepfungwa yekuti makona ari pakati pemakristaro ari mumineral imwe chete anogara akafanana, nekuti anobva pachimiro chimwe chete chemukati.
Mhedziso
Zvicherwa zvine maumbirwo chaiwo ekristaro zvakanyanya nekuda kwekurongeka kwemaatomu mukristaro uye kuenzana kwechimiro chazvo chemukati. Chimiro chekunze chatinoona chinokonzerwa nekudyidzana pakati pe "dhizaini" iyi yemukati nezvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza zvakaita senzvimbo yekukura, tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, mwero wekuumbwa, uye kuumbwa kwemvura uye tsvina. Nokudaro, makristaro ezvicherwa musanganiswa wemitemo yenguva dzose yefizikisi nekemesitiri padanho reatomu uye simba rezvisikwa panguva yekuumbwa kwazvo.
Maumbirwo ekristaro haana kunaka chete kuunganidza, asiwo akakosha kusainzi: kubva pachimiro uye maumbirwo emakristaro, nyanzvi dzezve geology dzinogona kufungidzira mamiriro akaita matombo, nhoroondo yawo ye geology, uye kunyange zviwanikwa zvezvicherwa zvinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo iyoyo. Nekunzwisisa kuti sei zvicherwa zvine maumbirwo akati, tiri kuverenga "zvinyorwa" zvemaitiro echisikigo akachengetwa muchimiro chemaatomu.
