Kuziva Zviwanikwa zveMineral muGungwa Rakadzika
Gungwa rakadzika rave richizivikanwa kwenguva refu senzvimbo isinganzwisisike zvikuru pasi pano. Kudzika kwaro, uko kunogona kusvika zviuru zvemamita, tembiricha yakaderera, kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, uye rima guru zvinoita kuti kutsvaga zvinhu zvidhure uye kuve kwakaoma. Zvisinei, pasinei nemiganhu iyi, gungwa rakadzika rine mukana wakakura wezviwanikwa zvezvicherwa. Zvicherwa izvi zvinoumbwa kuburikidza nemaitiro enguva refu e geology, zvichikanganiswa nekuputika kwemakomo pasi pemvura, kutenderera kwemvura inopisa, uye kunaya kwemvura. Sezvo kudiwa kwezvinhu zvetekinoroji pasi rose—zvakadai se nickel, cobalt, mhangura, manganese, uye zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi—zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera, kuziva zviwanikwa zvezvicherwa zvegungwa rakadzika kuri kuva chinhu chinonyanya kukosheswa mukutsvaga neindasitiri.
Sei Mvura Yakadzika yeGungwa Ichichengeta Zvicherwa?
Zviwanikwa zvezvicherwa mugungwa rakadzika hazvionekwi netsaona. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekusanganiswa kwemaitiro e geological, chemical, uye biological anoitika pasi pegungwa. Pakati pegungwa, maplate e tectonic anotsemuka, zvichiita kuti magma ikwire uye igadzire goko idzva regungwa. Ikoko, mvura yegungwa inopinda mumitswe iri mudombo, inopiswa ne magma, inonyungudutsa zvicherwa kubva padombo, yozobuda semvura inopisa, ine simbi yakawanda kuburikidza nemhepo inopisa. Kana mvura inopisa ikasangana nemvura inotonhorera yegungwa, simbi dzinoita kunge chimney uye deposits huru.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunyanya mapani makuru, mafungu egungwa ane zvinhu zvishoma zvakanyunguduka zvinodonha zvishoma nezvishoma kwemamiriyoni emakore, zvichigadzira maburi emaminerari. Maitiro aya anononoka zvikuru, asi anokonzera kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemaminerari munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Mhando dzeMineral Resources muGungwa Rakadzika
Kazhinji, kune marudzi matatu emaminerari egungwa anonyanya kutaurwa nezvawo.
1. Mapundu ePolymetallic
Mapundu epolymetallic madiki, akaita sedombo rakatenderera kusvika risina kurongeka, anowanzova masendimita mashoma mudhayamita, akapararira pamusoro pemasedi epasi pegungwa pakadzika kwemamita 4.000–6.000. Mapundu aya akapfuma mumanganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), mhangura (Cu), uye cobalt (Co). Anoumbwa kuburikidza nekunaya kwezvinhu zvakanyungudutswa mumvura yegungwa kana kubva mumaburi ari mumasedi, zvichivhara zvishoma nezvishoma mativi madiki (akadai sezvidimbu zvematombo kana mazino eshark).
Dunhu rakakurumbira zvikuru iClarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) muPacific Ocean, inowanzonzi imwe ye "nzvimbo dzakachengetwa" hombe dze polymetallic nodules. Kugona kwayo hupfumi kwakanyanya nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo kwesimbi dzakakosha kumabhatiri uye indasitiri yesimba rinodzokororwa.
2. Makushe eFerromanganese akapfuma muCobalt
Goko reFerromanganese rinoumbwa sechikamu chakaoma chinofukidza dombo pamusoro pemakomo egungwa pakadzika kwemamita angangoita 800–2.500. Zviri mukati mayo zvikuru manganese nesimbi, asi chinonakidza ndechekuti cobalt yakawanda, pamwe nekuvapo kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi uye tellurium izvo zvakakosha kune tekinoroji yepamusoro.
Kusiyana nemagundu anowanikwa mumadhaka, maganda eferromanganese anowanikwa mumatombo. Nokudaro, nzira dzekuziva nadzo uye kugona kwawo kuchera zvinosiyana, zvichida ongororo dzakadzama dzenzvimbo uye mamepu ezve geology.
3. Hydrothermal Massive Sulfides (Massive Sulfides pasi pegungwa / SMS)
Masulfide emvura inopisa zvikuru anoumbwa akakomberedza maburi emvura inopisa, kunyanya pamipata iri pakati pegungwa, makomo anoputika pasi pegungwa, uye mabheseni ekumashure. Madhaka aya akapfuma mumhangura, zinc, lead, goridhe, uye sirivha. Pakutarisa, nzvimbo dzinopisa dzinowanzoonekwa ne "vanosvuta vatema" kana "vanosvuta vachena" vanoburitsa mvura inopisa nemaminerari.
MaSMS anoonekwa seakafanana nemhando dzakasiyana dzematombo epasi akaumbwa munzvimbo dzekare dzegungwa. Nekuti akapfuma nesimbi dzinokosha, maSMS anokwezva kutariswa, asi anowanzo kuwanikwa pedyo nenzvimbo dzakasiyana uye dzinonzwa zvakatipoteredza.
Matanho Ekuziva Zvicherwa Mugungwa Rakadzika
Kuziva zvicherwa zviri mugungwa rakadzika hakugone kuitwa nenzira imwe chete. Maitiro acho anowanzova nematanho akawanda, kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana kusvika kunzvimbo dzakadzama.
1. Chidzidzo Chekutanga uye Kuenzanisa Data
Danho rekutanga raisanganisira ongororo yezve geology yedunhu yakavakirwa padata re tectonic, mamepu e bathymetric, uye ruzivo rwe oceanographic. Vaongorori vakatsvaga zviratidzo zvenzvimbo dzakaunganidzwa: mapani e abysal ema nodules, seamounts ye cobalt crust, uye nzvimbo dzinoputika/tectonic dzinoshanda dze sulfide deposits.
Mamodheru aya anowanzo shandisa data resaiti kuti aongorore kusarongeka kwesimba repasi rinogona kuratidza kuvapo kwezvikomo zvegungwa kana zvivakwa zvegungwa. Kunyange zvazvo masaiti asingaone zvicherwa zvakananga, anobatsira pakuongorora zvinangwa.
2. Kuongorora Geophysical: Kugadzira Mepu yeChimiro neMaumbirwo eGungwa
Ongororo dzepasi pevhu ndiwo musimboti wekutsvaga. Dzimwe dzenzira huru dzinosanganisira:
- Multibeam echosounder yekutarisa zvakadzama bathymetry, ichigadzira mamepu e3D epasi pegungwa.
– Shandisa sonar padivi kuti utarise magadzirirwo epasi pegungwa. Matumbu, lava, sediment yakapfava, kana goko rakaomarara zvinogona kugadzira mapatani akasiyana ekuratidzira.
– Chinoongorora pasi pevhu kuti uone zvidimbu zvevhu zviri pasi pevhu, chinobatsira zvikuru pakunzwisisa ukobvu hwevhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu aripo maburi.
– Magnetometer negravimeter yekuona kusagadzikana kwemagineti negraviti zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita nekuputika kwemakomo uye maumbirwo epasi.
Kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwenzira idzi, mapoka ekutsvaga anogona kuderedza nzvimbo yavanoda vasati vatora sampuli dzinodhura.
3. Kuongororwa kweMienzaniso uye Kuongorora Makemikoro
Hapana kugona kuziva zvicherwa zvinovimbika pasina kutora sampuli. Kutora sampuli mugungwa rakadzama kunoitwa uchishandisa michina yakasiyana-siyana:
– Dredge (chishandiso chekuchera) kubvisa matombo kubva mumakomo egungwa kana munzvimbo dzine matombo.
– Muchina wekubvisa tsvina negiravhiti (gravity corer) kuti ubvise tsvina nemapundu kubva pasi pegungwa.
– ROV (Mota Inoshandiswa Kure) uye AUV (Mota Inozvitonga Pasi Pemvura) iyo inogona kutora mifananidzo, kumepu, uye kutora sampuli nemazvo.
– CTD rosette yekuyera ma profiles emvura (conductivity, tembiricha, kudzika) uye kutora sampuro dzemvura, zvakakosha pakuona mapundu emvura inopisa.
Mienzaniso iyi inozoongororwa murabhoritari kuti ione kuti makemikari acho akagadzirwa sei (semuenzaniso, uchishandisa XRF, ICP-MS), mineralogy (XRD), uye hunhu hwemuviri hwakadai sekuomarara uye kuomarara. Mhedzisiro yeongororo idzi inoongorora huwandu hwesimbi uye kukosha kwayo.
4. Kuronga Zviwanikwa uye Kufungidzira Kwekuchengetedza
Mushure mekuunganidza data re geophysical ne geochemical, danho rinotevera nderekugadzira muenzaniso wekugoverwa kwe deposit: ukobvu hwe crustal, huwandu hwema nodule pa square meter, kana sulfide deposit volume. Apa ndipo panoshandiswa nzira dze geospatial statistical kufungidzira zviwanikwa. Kufungidzira kwekuchengetedza kunowanzoda zvidzidzo zvekuwedzera nekuti zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwetekinoroji, mari yekugadzira, uye mitemo.
Matambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza uye Zvaunofanira Kufunga Nezvedu
Kuziva zvicherwa zviri mugungwa rakadzika hakusi dambudziko rehunyanzvi nerehupfumi chete, asiwo dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza. Zvipenyu zvegungwa rakadzika zvinodzoka zvishoma nezvishoma. Maitiro ekutsvaga zvakanyanya ane mukana wekukanganisa madhaka, kuwedzera kusvibiswa, uye kushandura nzvimbo dzekugara. Munzvimbo dzinopisa dzemvura, njodzi huru ndeyekukanganiswa kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzebiota dzinovimba nesimba remakemikari (chemosynthesis) pane photosynthesis.
Uyezve, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinogona kuwanikwa dziri mumvura dzepasi rose, dzichitongwa neInternational Seabed Authority (ISA). Mitemo, mvumo yekutsvaga, uye mwero wezvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvakakosha zvisati zvatanga kushanda kubva pakuzivikanwa kusvika pakushandiswa.
Remangwana reKuzivikanwa kweZvicherwa muGungwa Rakadzika
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kuri kukurumidzisa kugona kwevanhu kunzwisisa pasi pegungwa. Ma sensor e geochemical ari kuva anonyanya kunzwa, marobhoti ari pasi pemvura ari kuva akaomarara, uye kugadzirisa data rakavakirwa pahungwaru hwekugadzira kuri kubatsira kubatanidza mhando dzakasiyana dzedata kuti vawane mapatani aisamboonekwa. Mune ramangwana, kumepu yezvicherwa yakadzika mugungwa kungangove kwakarurama zvakanyanya ne "digital seaside" nzira - muenzaniso chaiwo wepasi pegungwa unovandudzwa nguva dzose nedata renguva chaiyo.
Zvisinei, kugona uku kwakawedzerwa kunofanirwa kuenzana nekutonga kwakasimba. Kuzivikanwa kwezviwanikwa zvezvicherwa hakufanirwe kungotevera kugona kwehupfumi chete, asiwo kuve nechokwadi chekuti sainzi, kuchengetedza, uye kuenzana pakati penyika zvinofambidzana.
Penutup
Kuziva zviwanikwa zvezvicherwa mugungwa rakadzika inzira yakaoma inosanganisa geology, geophysics, oceanography, uye robotic technology. Zvinhu zvakaita se polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, uye hydrothermal massive sulfides zvine simbi dzakakosha kumaindasitiri emazuva ano. Zvisinei, matambudziko ekushanda uye njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza zvinoda kuzivikanwa nekungwarira, kutungamirirwa nedata, uye kutevedzera mitemo yepasi rose. Nenzira yesainzi ine mutoro, gungwa rakadzika rinogona kunzwisiswa zviri nani - kwete senzvimbo yezvicherwa chete, asiwo senzvimbo ine kukosha kunoshamisa kupasi.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuita shanduro yedzidzo (ine zvirevo uye bhuku remabhuku), kana kunyora shanduro inozivikanwa zvikuru kune vaverengi vazhinji.
