Kukosha kweMatombo Anobva Munzvimbo Yematombo
Kutenderera kwedombo inzira yechisikigo inoramba ichienderera mberi inoratidza kuti matombo ari panyika anoumbwa sei, anochinjwa sei, anoparadzwa sei, uye obva agadziriswa sei mumhando dzakasiyana. Mukati meiyi nzira inoita seiri nyore, pane pfungwa imwe huru inowanzo furatirwa zvakadzama: dombo retsime. Dombo retsime rinogona kunzwisiswa sedombo rekutanga kana kuti dombo re "tsime" rinova chinhu chekutanga chekuumba mamwe matombo kuburikidza nemaitiro emamiriro ekunze, kukurwa kwevhu, kuiswa kwemvura, kuchinja chimiro, uye kunyunguduka. Kunzwisisa basa redombo retsime hakuna kukosha chete pakutsanangura kutenderera kwedombo nesainzi, asiwo kunobatsira muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, semuenzaniso mukurima, kutsvaga zviwanikwa zvezvicherwa, uye kuderedza njodzi dzezvepasi.
Chii chinorehwa ne "source rock"?
Kazhinji, dombo remubereki ndiro dombo rinoshanda sehwaro hwekuumbwa kwedombo idzva. Mumamiriro akasiyana, izwi iri rinogona kuva nepfungwa dzakasiyana. Mukuongorora matombo, dombo remubereki rinoreva dombo rekutanga rinoshanduka kuita sedimentary, metamorphic, kana igneous rock. Mukuongorora ivhu (pedology), dombo remubereki rinoreva zvinhu zvepakutanga zvinoumba ivhu zvinopesvedzera hunhu hweivhu nemakemikari. Zvisinei, tambo yakafanana inoramba iripo: dombo remubereki ndiro "nzvimbo yekutanga" inosarudza divi rekuchinja kwezvinhu zvegeological zvinotevera.
Pasi harina rudzi rumwe chete rwedombo rinobereka. Matombo eIgneous, sedimentary, uye metamorphic anogona kushanda sematombo anobereka, zvichienderana nemaitiro anoitika. Semuenzaniso, granite (dombo reigneous) inogona kuva dombo rinobereka ivhu rejecha, jecha (dombo resedimentary) inogona kuva dombo rinobereka rinoshanduka kuita quartzite, uye limestone (dombo resedimentary) inogona kuchinja kuita marble. Kuchinjika uku kunoita kuti dombo reparent rive pfungwa yakakosha mukunzwisisa kushandurwa kwedombo.
Dombo ndiro rinotanga shanduko
Mukufamba kwedombo, shanduko haingoitiki netsaona. Pane kwakajeka kunobva zvinhu—uye ndiro dombo remubereki. Kana dombo remubereki rikasangana nemamiriro ezvinhu ekunze, maumbirwo aro anotanga kuchinja. Kana dombo remubereki riri pamusoro, richakanganiswa, kungave mumuviri kana nemakemikari. Kukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze kunoputsa dombo kuita zvidimbu zvidiki, nepo makemikari achichinja zvicherwa zvaro kuburikidza nekuita nemvura, okisijeni, kana acids. Zvinhu zvakakanganiswa zvinogona kutakurwa nemvura, mhepo, kana simba repasi kuburikidza nekukukurwa kwevhu uye kutakurwa.
Pasina dombo remuno, hapana "zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa" zvekutakura nekuisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti matombo emuno akadai se conglomerate, sandstone, shale, uye limestone zvinhu zvakadzokororwa kubva kumatombo ekare. Nemamwe mashoko, dombo remuno ndiro rinonyanya kukonzera dombo rinoumba nzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi.
Kusarudza Kuumbwa uye Hunhu hweMatombo Matsva
Kukosha kwedombo remubereki kunojeka patinokurukura nezvekuumbwa kwedombo idzva. Hunhu hwemuviri uye hwemakemikari hwedombo rinobva mudombo hunokonzerwa zvakanyanya nedombo remubereki waro. Kana dombo remubereki rakapfuma muzvicherwa zve quartz, sediment inobuda inowanzova nejecha re quartz uye inoburitsa jecha rakasimba. Kana dombo remubereki riine feldspar yakawanda uye zvicherwa zvinokurumidza kudonha, ivhu kana sediment inobuda inogona kuva nevhu rakawanda.
Izvi zvinoshandawo pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Kana dombo remubereki rikasangana nekupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa, zvicherwa zvaro zvinozodzokororwa. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yekupedzisira inoenderana zvakanyanya nezvicherwa zvekutanga mudombo remubereki. Semuenzaniso:
– Dombo reLimestone rinoita sedombo remubereki, kana rikashanduka rigogadzira marble.
– Shale sedombo remubereki rinogona kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuita slate, phyllite, schist, uye kunyange gneiss (zvichienderana nedanho rekuchinja kwechimiro).
– Dombo rejecha reQuartz sedombo remubereki rinogona kuva quartzite yakaoma kwazvo.
Nekunzwisisa dombo rinobva, nyanzvi dzezve geology dzinogona kufanotaura kuti matombo api anogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo imwe chete, pamwe nekufungidzira mamiriro ezve geology aimbovapo.
Basa reDombo reMubereki paKuumbwa kweIvhu
Muhupenyu hwevanhu, chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuoneka zvinokonzerwa nedombo revabereki ndechekuumbwa kwevhu. Ivhu harisi kungova guruva chete; ivhu rakaomarara rinoumbwa nematombo anoshanduka-shanduka uye musanganiswa wezvinhu zvipenyu. Dombo revabereki rinokanganisa magadzirirwo evhu (jecha, silt, ivhu), pH, huwandu hwezvicherwa, uye kubereka.
Semuenzaniso, ivhu rinobva pamatombo anoputika (akadai seandesite kana basalt) rinowanzova nevhu rakaorera nekuti rine zvinovaka muviri zvakaita secalcium, magnesium, uye potassium. Kusiyana neizvi, ivhu rinobva pamatombo asina kuorera mune zvimwe zvicherwa rinogona kunge risina kuorera zvakanyanya uye rinoda kutarisirwa kwakakosha kwekurima. MuIndonesia, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzine makomo anoputika zvakanyanya dzine ivhu rakaorera rinotsigira kurima kwakasimba—uye izvi zvinokonzerwa nebasa redombo revabereki vemakomo anoputika mukupa zvicherwa.
Gwaro reNhoroondo yeGeology neZviwanikwa
Matombo enzvimbo akakoshawo sezviratidzo zvenhoroondo yenzvimbo. Nekutevera dombo renzvimbo yenzvimbo yemvura, semuenzaniso, nyanzvi dzenzvimbo dzinogona kufungidzira kwakabva zvinhu zvenzvimbo yemvura: kungave kwakabva mumakomo ekare egranite, makomo anoputika, kana nzvimbo yakachinja mamiriro ekunze. Ongororo iyi inobatsira pakuvakazve mamiriro ekare enzvimbo yemvura uye ezvakatipoteredza.
Uyezve, matombo enzvimbo ane hukama hwakasimba nezviwanikwa zvechisikigo, kusanganisira zvicherwa zvehupfumi uye zvesimba. Nzvimbo zhinji dzezvicherwa dzinoumbwa nemaitiro e geological anosanganisira matombo chaiwo enzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, mamwe matombo eigneous anogona kuva manyuko esimbi dzakadai semhangura, goridhe, kana nickel. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mamwe matombo e sedimentary anoshanda sematombo enzvimbo yemahydrocarbon—matombo akapfuma muzvinhu zvipenyu zvinozoshandurwa kuita mafuta negasi nekumanikidzwa nekupisa kwemamiriyoni emakore. Kunyange hazvo izwi rekuti "dombo renzvimbo" mumafuta negasi riine tsananguro dzakananga, pfungwa huru inoramba yakafanana: dombo renzvimbo rinonyanya kusarudza kugona kwenzvimbo.
Maitiro Ekubatanidza MuRock Cycle
Kutenderera kwedombo kunowanzo ratidzwa sedhayagiramu: dombo reigneous → dombo re sedimentary → dombo re sedimentary → dombo re metamorphic → magma → dombo reigneous zvakare. Pasi pedhayagiramu, dombo remubereki ndiro chinobatanidza chinoita kuti shanduko inzwisiswe maererano nechikonzero nemhedzisiro. Patinoti "matombo e sedimentary anoumbwa kubva mu sediment," mubvunzo unotevera ndewekuti: sediment yakabva kupi? Mhinduro inowanzo dzokera kudombo remubereki rakambosangana nedambudziko.
Saka, matombo anogarwa nematombo anotibatsira kuona kutenderera kwematombo kwete se "kutenderera kwemafomu" chete, asi sekushanduka kwezvinhu zvine mavambo chaiwo uye nzira dzekuchinja. Pfungwa iyi inotidzidzisawo kuti Pasi ihurongwa hunoshanduka: hapana dombo "rinogarwa" zvechokwadi. Pamusoro penguva dze geologic, matombo ese ane mukana wekuva matombo anogarwa nematombo kune mamwe matombo.
Mhedziso
Dombo retsime rinoita basa guru mukutenderera kwedombo, richishanda senzvimbo inobva matombo uye rinoona hunhu hwematombo anotevera. Kuburikidza nekudonha kwevhu, dombo retsime rinopa dongo rinodiwa kuti pave nematombo edongo. Kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, dombo retsime rinoona rudzi rwedombo redongo rakaumbwa, zvichienderana nezvicherwa zvaro zvekutanga. Kunyangwe pakuumbwa kwevhu, dombo retsime rinokanganisa kubereka uye hunhu hwemakemikari, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakananga kurima nehupenyu hwevanhu.
Nekunzwisisa kukosha kwedombo renzvimbo, tinogona kunzwisisa kutenderera kwedombo zvakanyatsoenderana: kubva pakutanga kwezvinhu, kuburikidza nekuchinja, kusvika kumugumo. Pakupedzisira, pfungwa yedombo renzvimbo inosimbisa kuti dombo rega rega rine "nhoroondo" uye "simba remangwana" - chikamu chedenderedzwa refu rinoumba chitarisiko cheNyika nekufamba kwenguva.
