Hukama huripo pakati peGeology neFizikisi yePasi
Geology nefizikisi yePasi (geophysics) inyaya mbiri dzakabatana pakunzwisisa pasi redu. Geology inotarisa pazvinhu zvinoumba Pasi, nhoroondo yaro, uye maitiro anoumba pamusoro paro nemukati. Panguva iyi, fizikisi yePasi inoshandisa misimboti yefizikisi kuongorora chimiro, hunhu, uye mashandiro ePasi kuburikidza nekuyera nekugadzira modhi. Izvi zviviri hazvina kusiyana: geology inopa mamiriro ezvinhu ne "nyaya" nezvePasi, nepo fizikisi yePasi ichipa "zvishandiso" zvekuyedza, kuyera, uye kugadzira nyaya iyoyo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura kuti zviviri izvi zvine hukama sei, nzira dzinoshandiswa, uye nei kubatana kwegeology negeophysics kwakakosha kuhupenyu hwemazuva ano.
Geology: Kuverenga Nhoroondo yeNyika
Kudzidza nezvematongo kunogona kufungwa nezvako sesainzi yekuverenga "zvinyorwa" zvePasi. Matombo, mafossil, sedimentary layers, uye zvivakwa zvakaita semafolds nemafaults zvinopa ruzivo nezvezviitiko zvekare—kubva pakuumbwa kwemakomo uye kuputika kwemakomo kusvika pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwekare. Kuburikidza nekucherechedza minda, mapping ezvematongo, kuongorora zvicherwa, uye kutara nguva yematombo (semuenzaniso, vachishandisa nzira dze radiometric), nyanzvi dzezvematongo dzinogadzira dudziro yekuti dunhu rakashanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva.
Zvisinei, geology inowanzosangana nemiganhu: hazvisi zvikamu zvese zvePasi zvinogona kuonekwa zvakananga. Mukati mePasi—mantle nepakati—hazvigone kuwanikwa zvakananga kunze kwekunge uchishandisa sampling shoma (semuenzaniso, xenoliths kubva ku magma) kana kuchera kusvika pakadzika kudiki zvichienzaniswa ne radius yePasi. Apa ndipo panova geophysics chikamu chakakosha.
Fizikisi yePasi: Kuyera Nyika Isingaonekwe
Fizikisi yepasi, kana kuti geophysics, inoshandisa zvinhu zvakaita semafungu epasi, minda inokwevera pasi, minda yemagineti, kuyerera kwekupisa, uye hunhu hwemagetsi hwematombo kuti iongorore pasi pevhu pakadzika zvikuru. Kunyange zvazvo geology ichidudzira zvinoonekwa uye zvakafumurwa, fizikisi yepasi inotibvumira "kuona" zvivakwa zvakavanzwa nevhu, sediment, nemvura yegungwa, kunyange zviuru zvemakiromita kupinda muPasi.
Nzira dzeGeophysical dzinoshanda zvichibva pakusiyana kwezvinhu zvepanyama zvematombo. Semuenzaniso, mamwe matombo eigneous ane density yakakura kupfuura matombo e sedimentary, kana matombo ane magnetic minerals akawanda anozogadzira mhinduro yakasimba yemagnetic. Nekuona kusiyana kwezvinhu izvi, nyanzvi dze geophysicists dzinogadzira mamodheru epasi pevhu ayo anobva atsanangurwa pamwe chete neruzivo rwe geology.
Pfungwa Huru dzeMusangano: Maumbirwo, Maitiro, uye Nguva
Hukama huripo pakati pe geology nefizikisi yepasi hunoonekwa zvakajeka muzvikamu zvitatu: chimiro, maitiro, uye nguva.
1. Maumbirwo: Geology inotarisa zvikanganiso, mapete, kana nzvimbo dzakati dzematombo pamusoro. Geophysics inowedzera mepu iyoyo kusvika pasi pevhu, zvichitibvumira kunzwisisa mativi matatu ejecha remvura, nzira yekunyura kwegomba riri kushanda, kana chimiro chekamuri remagma.
2. Maitiro: Geology inotsanangura maitiro akadai se subduction, rifting, volcano creation, erosion, uye sedimentation. Geophysics inobatsira kuyera maitiro aya nehuwandu: kuti maplates anofamba nekukurumidza sei, kuti kumanikidzwa kunopararira sei mu crust, kana kuti kuyerera kwekupisa kunoratidza sei basa re mantle iri pasi.
3. Nguva: Geology ine simba mukuvakazve nhoroondo refu (mamiriyoni kusvika mabhiriyoni emakore). Geophysics inowanzobudirira mukutarisa "nguva chaiyo" kana maitiro enguva pfupi—semuenzaniso, kutarisa kudengenyeka kwenyika, kushanduka kwemakomo, uye shanduko mumunda wegiravhiti nekuda kwekufamba kwehukuru. Kana zvabatanidzwa, tinowana mufananidzo wekushanduka-shanduka kwePasi uye mafambiro ari kuenderera mberi.
Mafungu eSeismic: Mabhiriji Akakurumbira
Muenzaniso wakajeka wehukama huripo pakati pe geology nefizikisi yePasi ndeye seismology. Kana kudengenyeka kwenyika kwaitika, mafungu e seismic anopararira nePasi, achichinja kumhanya uye gwara zvichienderana nenzvimbo yaanofamba nayo. Kubva ku seismograms, masayendisiti anogona kuona mhando dzematombo, miganhu yezvikamu, uye kunyange kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzakanyunguduka zvishoma nezvishoma.
Kune vanoongorora geology, ruzivo urwu runobatsira kutsanangura magadzirirwo e tectonic: kuti zvikanganiso zvinoshanda zviri kupi, kuti nzvimbo dzinoumba sei, uye kuti nei nzvimbo inowanzoitika kudengenyeka kwenyika. Kududzira kwepasi, kune rumwe rutivi, kunoda kunzwisisa geology kuitira kuti mamodheru akagadzirwa asangova emasvomhu chete asiwo aratidze chokwadi chematombo uye maitiro e tectonic. Nemamwe mashoko, geophysics inopa data, geology inopa zvazvinoreva.
Simba remuchadenga neGeology: Kuyera Kuwanda kweNyika
Nzira dzekukwevera pasi dzinoyera kusiyana kudiki mukumhanya kwesimba regiravhiti panzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kusiyana uku kunogona kukonzerwa nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwematombo ari pasi pevhu. Semuenzaniso, kupinda kweigneous kwakawanda kunogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwesimba regiravhiti, nepo gomba gobvu, rakaderera, rinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kusina kunaka.
Mukuongorora geology, data regiravhiti rinobatsira zvikuru pakugadzira mapu emvura yakadzika pasi pevhu, mafuta, uye gasi, kuona zvivakwa zvemunyu, kana kufungidzira ukobvu hwevhu. Zvisinei, kududzira kwegiravhiti hakusi kwakasiyana: mhando dzakasiyana dzemamodheru dzinogona kugadzira zvinhu zvakafanana. Nokudaro, ruzivo rwe geology rwakadai semhando dzematombo, data rematsime, uye mamepu epamusoro zvakakosha kuti pave nemuenzaniso mudiki.
Magnetism: Zviratidzo zveNhoroondo yeDombo neTectonic
Nzira dzemagineti dzinoyera kusiyana kwesimba remagineti rePasi rinokonzerwa nematombo emagineti. Matombo eigneous, kunyanya ayo ane magineti, anowanzoratidza mhinduro dzakasimba dzemagineti. Kuongorora kwemagineti kunogona kubatsira kuona miganhu yematombo, nzira dzekupinda, uye kunyange zvivakwa zvepasi pevhu zviri pasi pemadhaka.
Pasi rose, paleomagnetism—kudzidza zvinyorwa zvemagineti mumatombo—humbowo hwakakosha hwedzidziso yeplate tectonics. Geology inopa mienzaniso yematombo uye mamiriro e stratigraphic, nepo fizikisi yepasi ichipa nzira dzekuongorora magineti uye modeling. Mugumisiro wacho kunzwisisa kudonha kwekondinendi, kuumbwa kwegungwa, uye kuvakazve nzvimbo dzeplate dzekare.
Nzira dzeMagetsi neMagineti: Mvura Dziri Pasi Pevhu
Nzira dzeGeoelectric neelectromagnetic dzinoshandisa musiyano mukudzivirira matombo. Mvura yepasi, mvura inopisa, kana nzvimbo dzevhu dzinowanzova nekudzivirira kushoma, nepo matombo akaoma, makuru anowanzova nekudzivirira kushoma. Mukuongorora zvakatipoteredza uye hydrogeology, nzira idzi dzinowanzo shandiswa kuyera miganho yemvura, kusvibiswa, kana miganhu yemvura yemunyu-mvura yakachena munzvimbo dzemahombekombe.
Panyaya yemakomo anoputika uye simba remagetsi anopisa, nzira dzekudzivirira dzinogona kuona nzvimbo dzinochinja kushanduka kwemvura inopisa uye nzira dzinopisa dzemvura. Nyanzvi dzezve geology dzinobva dzatsanangura kana nzvimbo idzi dzakabatana nehurongwa hwekutadza, matombo akavharika, kana nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mvura inopisa.
Mashandisirwo Enyika Chaiyo: Kubva Pakuderedza Njodzi Kuenda Kusimba
Kushanda pamwe chete pakati pe geology ne earth physics kune simba rakananga pahupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Mukuderedza njodzi, kurongwa kwema geological kwezvikanganiso zvinoshanda kunosanganiswa nedata re seismic ne geodetic (semuenzaniso, GPS neInSAR) kuti tinzwisise kudengenyeka kwenyika kunogona kuitika uye kufamba kwepasi. Mumakomo anoputika, kucherechedzwa kwe geological kwenhoroondo yekuputika kunosanganiswa ne seismic, deformation, uye gasi rekutarisa kufanotaura kuwedzera kwezviitiko.
Muchikamu chesimba nezviwanikwa, kutsvaga mafuta negasi kunoshandisa kutenderera kwepasi pevhu kuti vagadzire nzvimbo iri pasi pevhu, asi kududzira kunoda kunzwisisa stratigraphy uye petroleum geology. Mukuchera, data remagineti negravity rinobatsira kuona matombo evhu, nepo geology ichisarudza mhando dzemadhipoziti uye maitiro ekuumbwa. Kune simba re geothermal, geophysics inotarisa maumbirwo nemvura, nepo geology ichivimbisa kuti modhi inoenderana ne lithology uye shanduko.
Sei Hukama uhu husingagone kuparadzaniswa?
Geology ne geophysics mativi maviri ebasa rimwe chete: kunzwisisa Pasi zvizere. Geology inobudirira mukutarisa zvakananga, kududzira nhoroondo, uye mamiriro ezvinhu. Geophysics inobudirira mukuyerwa kusina kunanga, kuenzanisa kwehuwandu, uye kugona kuona zvakadzika pasi pevhu. Kana zviviri izvi zvabatanidzwa, tinowana kunzwisisa kwakakwana, kwakarurama, uye kunoshanda zvakanyanya kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo enyika - kubva panjodzi dzechisikigo kusvika kumatambudziko emvura kusvika kuzvinodiwa zvesimba.
Pakupedzisira, Pasi ihurongwa hwakaoma hunoshanda muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: kubva kuzvicherwa zvidiki-diki kusvika kuContinental plate tectonics, kubva kumaitiro anoitika mumasekonzi akadai sekudengenyeka kwenyika kusvika pakushanduka-shanduka kwemamiriyoni emakore. Kuti tinzwisise, tiongorore, uye tigadzire mapu ehurongwa uhu, geology nefizikisi zvinofanirwa kushanda pamwe chete—kuyedza, kusimbisa, uye kuzadzana.
