Maitiro Ekuziva Maitirwo Ezvimiro zveGeological
Kurongeka kwezvimiro zve geological iruzivo rwakakosha rwakakosha pakugadzira mapu e geological, kutsvaga zviwanikwa, zvidzidzo zve geotechnical, uye kuderedza njodzi. Nekunzwisisa divi uye kudonha kwedombo kana plane yekupwanyika, nyanzvi dze geology dzinogona kududzira nhoroondo yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kufanotaura kupararira kwe lithology, uye kuongorora kusagadzikana kwemawere. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura maitiro ekuona zvakananga mafambiro ezvimiro zve geological, kubva papfungwa huru kusvika pamatanho ekuyera munda.
1. Nzwisisa zvinorehwa ne "kurongeka" mu structural geology.
Mukuongorora magadzirirwo enzvimbo, kurongeka kunoreva nzvimbo yechinhu chepasi kana tichienzanisa nehurongwa hwepasi hwemagadzirirwo enzvimbo. Kurongeka kunowanzo ratidzwa uchishandisa maparamita maviri makuru:
1. Kutungamira (kurova): kutungamira kwemutsetse wakataramuka padenderedzwa (semuenzaniso, denderedzwa remubhedha) kana denderedzwa rakachekwa nepamusoro pakaenzana. Kurova kunogara kuchiratidzwa mumadhigirii e-azimuthal (0°–360°), semuenzaniso 045° kana 270°.
2. Kudzika: kona yekutsvedza kwendege kuenda kune yakatwasuka, yakayerwa yakatarisana nekurova. Kudzika kunosanganisira hukuru hwekudzika (semuenzaniso 30°, 70°) uye gwara rekudzika (semuenzaniso kumabvazuva, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, kumadokero).
Kunze kwemapurani (planar), maumbirwo anogonawo kuva akatsetseka, akadai semitsara, maaxes anopetwa, kana mitsetse yakatsetseka pamapurani ekutadza. Kune zvinhu zvakatsetseka, kurongeka kunoratidzwa seizvi:
- Trend (kutungamirirwa kwemutsara mu azimuth) uye
– Dzokera (kutsetseka kwemutsetse kana tichienzanisa nekwakatambanudzwa).
2. Mhando dzezvivakwa zvinowanzo tariswa
Usati wayera, zvakakosha kuziva kuti uri kubata nechinhu chipi. Zvimwe zvivakwa zve geological zvinowanzoonekwa ndeizvi:
- Kurara mumatombo egungwa
- Kusawirirana/kupatsanuka mumatombo akachinja chimiro
– Joini: kutyoka pasina kusuduruka kwakakosha
- Ndege yekukanganisa: ndege yekutyoka ine kusuduruka
- Kuumbwa kwezvicherwa kana kuti kuumbwa kwemhando yesimbi
- Peta axis
Chimwe nechimwe chinogona kuyerwa semutsetse kana mutsetse, uye dudziro yacho inosiyana. Zvisinei, nheyo yekuyera kwakanangana yakafanana.
3. Zvishandiso zvinodiwa
Kuyera kwakanangana nezvivakwa zve geological kunowanzoitwa ne:
– Kambasi yezve geological (Brunton, Suunto, Silva, kana imwe kambasi yezve geological yakafanana) ine clinometer yekuyera kona yekutsvedza.
– Bhuku remumunda nepenzura isingapindi mvura (kana kuti app yekunyora manotsi edhijitari).
- Mepu yepakutanga/mepu yenzvimbo, GPS, kana nharembozha kuti uone nzvimbo nenzvimbo.
– Nyundo yezvepasi nebhurashi diki (zvingasarudzwa) kuchenesa pamusoro penzvimbo inofanira kuyerwa.
- Kampasi app iri pafoni yako inogona kushandiswa se backup, asi unofanira kungwarira nekuti magnetic interference inowanzoitika.
4. Matanho ekuona kuti ndege yakanangana sei (kurova nekunyura)
a) Sarudza nzvimbo inomiririra plane
Iva nechokwadi chekuti mapurani akayerwa anomiririra chimiro chaunoda kunyora. Semuenzaniso, mumapurani emvura, tsvaga kuti mapurani acho aonekwe zvakanaka uye asina kumira zvakanaka. Mumapurani akachinja chimiro, tsvaga mapurani akapatsanuka nguva dzose.
Dzivisa minda ine:
- Zvakanyanya kuipa/zvisina kuenzana,
– Yakafukidzwa nevhu kana zvinomera saka hazvina kujeka,
– Inokanganiswa nemigumisiro yenzvimbo (semuenzaniso nzvimbo diki dziri pachikamu chakaparadzana chatotenderera).
b) Kuyera kurova
Maitiro akajairika:
1. Isa divi rekambasi pamusoro pedombo.
2. Gadzirisa kambasi kusvika bhora remazinga (kana riripo) raratidza nzvimbo yakatwasuka (mamwe makampasi ane chinhu chinoita kuti kambasi ive nechokwadi chekuti yakatwasuka zvechokwadi).
3. Verenga azimuth value inoratidza kwakananga kurova.
Zvinyorwa Zvinokosha:
– Kurova ndiko kwakananga mutsetse wakatwasuka uri mundege, saka mamiriro ekuti "wakatwasuka" anofanira kuve nechokwadi.
- Strike inowanzo ratidzwa senhamba imwe chete ye azimuth (semuenzaniso, 120°). Mamwe mafomati ekare anoshandisa ma quadrants (semuenzaniso, N60E), asi azimuth inonyanya kushandiswa nevanhu vose.
c) Kuyera mukwidza (kunyura)
1. Kana wangowana nzvimbo yakamira, tsvaga nzira yakatwasuka yenzvimbo yacho (iyi ndiyo nzira yekunyura).
2. Shandisa clinometer nekubatanidza kambasi yakatarisana nekwainonyura.
3. Verenga kona yekutsvedza (0°–90°).
4. Cherechedzawo nzira yekudiridza (semuenzaniso "diridza kusvika 210°" kana "diridza kusvika SW").
Muenzaniso wemhedzisiro yekunyora:
– Rova 120°, nyura 35° kusvika 210°
kana fomati pfupi inoshandiswa kazhinji:
– 120/35 SW (zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nesangano).
d) Shandisa mutemo wekurudyi kana zvichidikanwa.
Mune mamwe mazinga epasi rose, strike inonyorwa kuitira kuti nzira yekudonha ive kurudyi nguva dzose kana iwe uchitevera nzira yekurohwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti data rirambe rakafanana panguva yekuongorora.
5. Sarudza kuti chimiro chemutsetse chakanangana sei (mafambiro uye kudonha)
Kune mutsara kana axis inopetwa:
1. Tsvaga mutsetse wakajeka, semuenzaniso chiratidzo chekuchekwa kwechinhu chiri pakona kana kuti panoungana ndege mbiri.
2. Yera mafambiro acho uchishandisa kambasi senzira yemutsetse uri pamutsetse wakatwasuka.
3. Yera kunyura uchishandisa clinometer sekona yekutsvedza kwemutsetse kubva panzvimbo yakatwasuka.
Muenzaniso:
– Trend 045°, donhera pasi 20°.
Kana mutsara uri pamusoro pemutsetse (semuenzaniso, slickenside pamutsetse wefault plane), unowanzo nyora zvese zviri zviviri: kutungamira kwemutsetse wefault plane uye kutungamira kwemutsetse.
6. Kugadzirisa kwakajairika uye manyuko ezvikanganiso
Kuyerwa kwenzvimbo kunowanzo kanganisa kana mamiriro emunda asina kunaka. Heano mamwe emabasa ekutarisira:
1. Kukanganiswa kwemagineti: Kuva pedyo nemotokari, fenzi dzesimbi, tambo dzemagetsi, matombo ane magnetite akawanda, kana maturusi esimbi zvinogona kukonzera kuti kambasi itsauke. Chengeta kambasi kure nezvinhu zvesimbi uye ongorora kaviri.
2. Nzvimbo isina kuenzana: nzvimbo ine mafungu inoita kuti kurova/kunyura kushanduke. Tora zviyero zvakati wandei woshandisa avhareji kana kusarudza chikamu chakanyatso tenderera.
3. Matombo ari kuyangarara: matombo akabviswa anogona kutenderera zvekuti anotarisa kuti haasisina kumira zvakanaka. Isa pamberi matombo achiri kunamatira padombo.
4. Kukanganisa pakuverenga zviyero: iva nechokwadi chekuti waverenga zviyero zve azimuth ne clinometer nemazvo, kunyanya pamakompasi ane masisitimu maviri echiyero.
5. Kuderera kwesimba remagineti: musiyano uripo pakati pekuchamhembe kwemagnetic nekuchamhembe kwenzvimbo. Kuti uwane mepu yakadzama, isa kugadzirisa kwekuderedza simba zvichienderana nenzvimbo negore rekuyera.
7. Kunyora ruzivo mubhuku remunda
Ruzivo rwekutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu pasina mamiriro ezvinhu haruwanzobatsiri. Pamwero wekuti:
- Nzvimbo (makoronike, kukwirira)
– Rudzi rwechimiro (machira, mashizha, zvikanganiso, majoini)
– Kukosha kwekurova – kunyura kana kuti trend – kunyura
- Hunhu hwedata (hwakanaka/hwakaringana/husina kunaka) uye zvikonzero
- Mufananidzo wezviwanikwa uye hukama huripo pakati pezvivakwa
- Mufananidzo une saizi (semuenzaniso nyundo yejeologiya) uye kwaunoenda kutora mifananidzo
Muenzaniso wezvinyorwa:
"Sta 12, makorokoto… Magumbeze mujecha; rova 075°, nyura 25° kuSE; nzvimbo yakachena, nzvimbo itsva; seti yechipiri majoini 140/80 aripo."
8. Dudziro yekutanga yekutungamira: chii chinogona kugumiswa?
Kana mapoinzi akati wandei aonekwa, unogona kutanga kuona mapatani:
– Matanda akaenzana mudivi uye muchidimbu anogona kuratidza mayuniti asina kupetwa zvakasimba.
- Kuchinja kwakarongeka kwe strike ne dip kunogona kuratidza kupeta.
– Kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzakatyoka dzinoumba mapoka maviri kana matatu anotonga kunogona kunge kwakabatana nekunetseka kwenzvimbo.
- Kuiswa kwemutsara pafault plane kunobatsira kunzwisisa mafambiro (semuenzaniso kutsvedza kwe oblique) kana zvabatanidzwa nezvimwe zviratidzo zve kinematic.
Kuti zviongororwe zvakadzama, data racho rinowanzo tariswa pa stereonet (Schmidt kana Wulff net) kuti vaone mapoka ekutarisa uye hukama hwavo hwejometri.
9. Mazano anoshanda ekuyera zvinhu nemazvo
- Tora zviyero zvinopfuura chimwe chete panzvimbo imwe chete kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvose zvinoenderana.
- Kuenzanisa pakati penhengo dzechikwata.
– Usamhanye: iva nechokwadi chekuti kambasi yakabatana zvakanaka uye yakagadzikana.
- Sarudza maruva matsva uye akanyanya kupatsanurwa.
- Chengeta data nenzira yakafanana kubva pakutanga.
Penutup
Kuziva kuti zvimiro zve geological zvinotarisa papi chaizvoizvo inzira yekubatanidza kucherechedzwa kwemunda nepfungwa dze geometric. Zvinokosha kuti ubudirire zviri muzvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha: kuziva chimiro chakakodzera, kuchiyera uchishandisa nzira chaiyo (strike-dip kana trend-plunge), uye kunyora data zvizere uye nguva dzose. Nekudzidzira nguva dzose uye kutevedzera maitiro, data rekutungamira raunowana richapa hwaro hwakasimba hwekududzira geological, zvese zvezvidzidzo uye zvinoshandiswa.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kukubatsirai kugadzira pepa rekurekodha remuenzaniso, fomati yakajairwa ye strike–dip, kana gwara rinokurumidza rekushandisa stereonet kugadzirisa data re orientation.
