Chii chinonzi Geomorphology uye Subdisciplines dzayo?
Geomorphology ibazi resainzi yepasi rinoongorora maumbirwo epasi (nyika), maitiro anozviumba, uye shanduko dzinoitika nekufamba kwenguva. Funga nezvemakomo, mipata yenzizi, mahombekombe egungwa, nzvimbo dzakaita semafashamo, uye kunyange madutu erenje; zvese zvinhu zvekudzidza nezve geomorphology. Sainzi iyi iri pakati penzvimbo dzefizikisi, geology, hydrology, climatology, uye kunyange ecology, sezvo kuumbwa nekushanduka kwenzvimbo dzepasi nguva dzose kunosanganisira kudyidzana kwakaoma pakati pematombo, mvura, mhepo, chando, simba rinokwevera pasi, uye mabasa evanhu.
Nemashoko akareruka, geomorphology inoedza kupindura mibvunzo mikuru mitatu: (1) ndeapi mapindu atinoona nhasi, (2) ndeapi maitiro aakaumba, uye (3) kuti mapindu iwayo akachinja sei munguva yakapfuura uye achachinja sei mune ramangwana. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakunzwisisa njodzi dzenjodzi (mafashamo, kudonha kwevhu, kukweshwa), manejimendi emahombekombe nemahombekombe emvura, kuronga nzvimbo, kutsvaga zviwanikwa, uye kuchengetedza nharaunda.
Hukuru hweGeomorphology
Kuwanda kwe geomorphology kunosanganisira kuongorora mafambiro enzvimbo (morphology), zvinhu zvirimo (lithology), marongerwo enzvimbo (semuenzaniso, zvikanganiso uye mapete), uye mashandiro emabasa epamusoro. Vanodzidza nezve geomorphology vanowanzo tarisa mafambiro enzvimbo, kuyera ma slope gradients, kuongorora mapatani ekuyerera kwerwizi, kududzira nhoroondo yekukwira kwe tectonic, uye kuverenga mwero wekukurwa kwevhu uye kudonha kwevhu. Nzira dzinoshandiswa dzinosiyana, kubva pakutarisa munda uye kududzira mifananidzo yesatellite kusvika ku GIS mapping uye nhamba yekuenzanisa, kusvika pakutara nguva ye geological (semuenzaniso, kutara nguva ye radiocarbon kana luminescence) kuti vaone zera renzvimbo.
Mukuita, geomorphology inosimbisawo hukama huripo pakati pemakero enzvimbo nenguva. Mamwe maitiro anokurumidza, sekudonha kwevhu, kunoitika mukati memaminitsi kana maawa, nepo mamwe achinonoka, sekudonha kwematombo kana kuputsika kwemakomo, izvo zvinogona kutora zviuru kana kunyange mamiriyoni emakore. Kunzwisisa makero aya kunobatsira masayendisiti nevarongi vematunhu kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwakadzama.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga: Maitiro Ekunze uye Ekunze
Kazhinji, maumbirwo enyika anogona kukamurwa kuita maitiro ekunze uye ekunze. Maitiro ekunze anotangira muPasi, kunyanya tectonics nekuputika kwemakomo, izvo zvinoumba makomo, mapurani, uye zvivako zvekutadza. Maitiro ekunze anoshanda pamusoro, akadai semamiriro ekunze, kukurwa kwevhu, kutakurwa kwevhu, uye kuiswa kwemvura, mhepo, mafungu, kana chando. Maumbirwo enyika atinoona anokonzerwa ne "kudhonzana" kunoramba kuripo pakati pekusimudzirwa ne tectonics uye kupwanyika (denudation) nemaitiro ekunze.
Chikamu chidiki cheGeomorphology
Geomorphology yakura kuva matunhu akati wandei anotarisa pane zvinhu zvinoumba, nharaunda dzakati, kana nzira dzatinofanira kushandisa. Aya ndiwo matunhu makuru anowanzo dzidzwa.
1. Fluvial Geomorphology (Nzizi)
Kuumbwa kwemvura murwizi (fluvial geomorphology) kunodzidza nezvenzvimbo dzakaumbwa nekuyerera kwenzizi, kusanganisira nzizi pachadzo, nzvimbo dzakaita sefloodplains, nzvimbo dzakaita serivers, deltas, uye alluvial fans. Maitiro makuru mu fluvial systems ndeyekukurwa kwevhu, kutakurwa kwesediment, uye sedimentation. Nzizi dzinogona kunge dzichitenderera, dzakarukwa, kana kuti dzakatwasuka, zvichienderana nekutenuka, kubuda kwesediment, uye kuwanikwa kwesediment.
Zvidzidzo zvemvura zvine chekuita nekuchengetedza mafashamo, kugadzira zvivakwa zvemabhiriji, kudzora kudonha kwemvura muzvirongo, uye kugadzirisa rwizi. Semuenzaniso, shanduko mukushandiswa kwevhu kumusoro kwerwizi dzinogona kuwedzera kukurwa kwevhu, zvichiita kuti marara aungane pasi perwizi, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekufashamira kwemvura.
2. Kuumbwa kweMakomo eGungwa
Chikamu ichi chinoongorora mamiriro enzvimbo dziri mumahombekombe egungwa dzinokanganiswa nemafungu, mafungu emvura, mafungu egungwa, uye kukwira kwemvura yegungwa. Mamiriro enzvimbo dziri mumahombekombe anosanganisira mahombekombe ane jecha, mawere, matongo, matomboro, madambo egungwa, madune egungwa, mamangango, uye makomo akatsetseka.
Nyaya huru mu geomorphology yemahombekombe dzinosanganisira kukweshwa nekuunganidzwa kwevhu (kuwedzera ivhu), mhedzisiro yebudiriro (zviteshi, kugadziriswa kwevhu), uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvinokonzera kukwira kwegungwa uye kuwedzera njodzi yemafashamo emvura. Munzvimbo zhinji, kunzwisisa geomorphology yemahombekombe ndiko hwaro hwekuronga green belt, kuchengetedzwa kwemahombekombe, uye kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzebudiriro.
3. Geomorphology yeAeolian (Mhepo)
Aeolian geomorphology inodzidza maitiro nenyika dzakaumbwa nemhepo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaoma (renje) kana munzvimbo dzine jecha. Maitiro makuru ndeekudonha kwevhu (kusimudzwa kwezvidimbu zvidiki), kukweshwa nejecha rinoputika, uye kuunganidzwa kwejecha, izvo zvinoumba madutu.
Maumbirwo ejecha anosiyana, kusanganisira barchan, parabolic, linear, uye nyeredzi, imwe neimwe ichikanganiswa negwara remhepo, huwandu hwejecha, uye zvinomera. Zvidzidzo zveAeolian zvakakoshawo pakuderedza madutu eguruva, kudzora kufamba kwejecha kunogona kukanganisa nzvimbo dzekugara kana minda yekurima, uye kududzira mamiriro ekunze ekare kubva mujecha.
4. Geomorphology yeGlacial nePeriglacial
Glacial geomorphology inodzidza nezvemamiriro epasi akaumbwa nechando/chando, akadai semapani ane chimiro cheU, morenae, drumlin, uye fjords. Kunyangwe chando chemazuva ano chakaganhurirwa kunzvimbo dziri pasi pevhu nemakomo marefu, zviratidzo zvechando chekare zvakapararira uye zvinopa zviratidzo zvakakosha kunhoroondo yemamiriro ekunze ePasi.
Zvichakadaro, periglacial geomorphology inodzidza maitiro munzvimbo dzinotonhora dzisina kuvharwa nechando chisingaperi asi dzichiri kutonhora zvakanyanya uye dzichinyunguduka, zvakaita sekuumbwa kwevhu rakarongwa, kunyungudika, uye kukuvara kwemawere kunokonzerwa nechando chakanyanya. Kunzwisisa uku kwakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa munzvimbo dzine latitude yakakwira dzakakanganiswa ne permafrost.
5. Karst Geomorphology
Karst geomorphology inodzidza nezvemamiriro evhu anoumbwa nekunyungudika kwematombo anonyungudika akadai se limestone, dolomite, kana gypsum. Zvinhu zvakajairika zvekarst zvinosanganisira mapako, makomba, makomba, nzizi dziri pasi pevhu, uye shongwe dzekarst.
Karst inokosha pakuwana mvura nekuti nzvimbo zhinji dzekarst dzine matsime makuru emvura, asi inogonawo kusvibiswa nekuti mvura inodonha nekukurumidza pasina kusvinwa kwevhu zvakakwana. Uyezve, njodzi yekudonha kwevhu (makomba emvura) inyaya iri kutaurwa mukugadzirisa nzvimbo dzekugara uye kuronga zvivakwa.
6. Kuumbwa kweMamiriro ekunze kwegomo rinoputika
Chikamu ichi chinotarisa pamamiriro evhu anoumbwa nekuputika kwemakomo, senge makoni emakomo anoputika, macaldera, madome emakomo anoputika, mapani emakomo anoputika, uye nzvimbo dzinopisa. Maitiro ekuputika kwemakomo anogona kukurumidza kuumba topography, asi anoperekedzwawo nekukukurwa kwevhu uye mamiriro ekunze anogadzira mapatani akasiyana emawere.
Kuumbwa kwemakomo ane makomo ane basa rakakosha mukuderedza njodzi dzinoitika pamakomo ane makomo, semuenzaniso kuyera nzira dzinoyerera nadzo lava, lahars, nemakore anopisa, pamwe nekuona nzvimbo dzakasara kuti ufungidzire njodzi dzinogona kuitika mune ramangwana.
7. Magadzirirwo eMamiriro eNyika uye eTectonic Geomorphology
Kuumbwa kwenzvimbo kunoratidza simba rezvivakwa zvepasi (zvikanganiso, makomba, matombo akaomarara) pamamiriro enzvimbo. Kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzepasi kunonyatsoongorora kuti mafambiro enzvimbo dzepasi (kusimudza, kudzika) anoumba sei zororo uye anopesvedzera sei nzizi, materase, uye mapatani emvura.
Zvidzidzo zveTectonic-geomorphological zvinowanzo shandiswa kuongorora zviitiko zvezvikanganiso, kuona nzvimbo dzinonyanya kudengenyeka kwenyika, uye kunzwisisa kushanduka kwemakomo. Semuenzaniso, nzizi dzaka "cheka" uye dzakaita materase ane zvidimbu zvinogona kuva chiratidzo chekukwira kwetectonic kakawanda.
8. Hillslope Geomorphology uye Kufamba Kwevanhu Vakawanda
Chikamu ichi chinodzidza maitiro ekutenuka kwemakomo akadai sekudonha kwemvura, kukambaira, kudonha kwematombo, kudonha kwemakomo kuburikidza nekushandura/kutenderera, uye kuyerera kwemarara. Zvinhu zvinodzora zvinosanganisira kukwira kwemakomo, rudzi rwevhu/dombo, mvura inonaya, zvinomera, uye mabasa evanhu akadai sekuchenesa ivhu.
Zvidzidzo zve geomorphology yemateru zvinonyanya kukosha munzvimbo dzine makomo dzakadai seIndonesia, sezvo kudonha kwevhu kuchiwanzoitika panguva yemvura zhinji kana kudengenyeka kwenyika. Mepu yematanho ekudzivirira kudonha kwevhu, ongororo yekugadzikana kwematombo, uye mazano ekushandiswa kwevhu anovimba zvakanyanya nepfungwa dze geomorphology.
9. Kuongororwa kweMagariro eNyika uye Kuongororwa kweMagariro eNyika
Kuyera, nhamba, uye masvomhu (quantitative geomorphology) kunoshandisa kuyera, nhamba, uye masvomhu kuti tinzwisise maitiro anoumba mamiriro enzvimbo. Kuyera, kuyera, uye kuyera pamusoro penzvimbo kunotarisa pakuyera chimiro chenzvimbo uchishandisa data rekukwira (elevation data - DEM) kuti uwane maparamita akadai seslope, aspect, curvature, uye topographic roughness index.
Maitiro aya akakosha munguva yeruzivo rwebig data uye ruzivo rwekure, sezvo zvichiita kuti pave nekuongororwa kwenzvimbo yakakura nekukurumidza uye kwakanyatsojeka, kutevedzera kukanganiswa kwevhu, kufanotaura mafashamo, uye kugadzira mapu enjodzi.
10. Geomorphology yezvakatipoteredza uye yeAnthropogenic
Geomorphology haingodzidzi chete maitiro echisikigo asiwo kukanganisa kwevanhu pamusoro pePasi. Chikamu chidiki chevanhu chinoongorora kuti migodhi, kukura kwemaguta, kuvaka madhamu, kuparadzwa kwemasango, kugadziriswa kwemahombekombe, uye kurima kwakasimba kunochinja sei maitiro ekukura kwevhu netsvina uye kugadzikana kwenyika.
Munzvimbo zhinji, vanhu ndivo vane simba guru re "geomorphic agent", vanokwanisa kukurumidzisa kukurwa kwevhu, kufambisa huwandu hwakawanda hwevhu, kana kushandura nzira dzerwizi. Nokudaro, kunzwisisa geomorphology kwakakosha mukusimudzira nharaunda.
Penutup
Geomorphology ndiyo sainzi inotibatsira kunzwisisa "chiso" chePasi: nei dunhu rakaita makomo, nei nzizi dzichitenderera, nei mahombekombe achiparara, uye kuti makomo anoumbwa sei obva apera zvishoma nezvishoma. Nekunzwisisa mativi ayo madiki—fluvial, coastal, aeolian, glacial, karst, volcanic, tectonic, slope, quantitative, uye anthropogenic—tinogona kuona kuti chimiro chega chega chenyika imhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwemaitiro anokanganisa zvese.
Pakati pematambudziko ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kukura kwemaguta, uye njodzi dziri kuwedzera dzenjodzi, geomorphology iri kuramba ichikosha. Sainzi iyi haingowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu nhoroondo yePasi chete asiwo inotibatsira kuita sarudzo dzinoshanda dzekuchengetedza, kugadzikana kwenharaunda, uye manejimendi yezvakatipoteredza nekuchenjera.
