Maumbirwo uye Mashandiro eGland rePituitary
Gland repituitary nderimwe remagland anonyanya kukosha mumuviri wemunhu. Pasinei nehukuru hwaro hudiki—hwakaenzana nepizi—gland repituitary rinowanzonzi "guruva guru" nekuti rinogadzira mahormone anodzora mashandiro emamwe magland akawanda, akadai sethyroid, adrenals, uye gonads. Riri pasi peuropi, seri kwebhiriji remhino, rakabatana nehypothalamus nechimiro chinonzi pituitary stalk (infundibulum). Kuti tinzwisise kuti nei pituitary ichikosha kudaro, tinofanira kutarisa chimiro chayo uye kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoita sei mabasa akasiyana.
Nzvimbo uye Ukama neHypothalamus
Gland repituitary riri mukati megomba riri mubhonzo resphenoid rinonzi sella turcica. Nzvimbo iyi inodzivirira gland repituitary kuti risarove, asi inobvumirawo kukura kwegland (semuenzaniso, nekuda kwebundu) kuti ridzvanye pazvivako zvakapoteredza, kusanganisira tsinga yemaziso, zvichikonzera kutadza kuona zvakanaka. Pamusoro pegland repituitary pane hypothalamus—chikamu cheuropi chinoshanda senzvimbo yekudzora mahormone neautonomic control. Hypothalamus inodzora gland repituitary kuburikidza nenzira mbiri huru: nzira yetsinga (kunyanya yepituitary yekumashure) uye nzira yetsinga yetsinga ye hypothalamic-pituitary portal (ye anterior pituitary).
Maumbirwo Makuru ePituitary Gland
Kazhinji, pituitary gland yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), uye chikamu chepakati (pars intermedia), icho muvanhu chiri chidiki.
1. Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
Adenohypophysis ine tsinga dzemudumbu dzinogadzira mahormone. Chikamu ichi ndicho chinoumba chikamu chikuru chegland repituitary. Nekuda kwehunhu hwaro hweendocrine, adenohypophysis ine mitsipa yakawanda yeropa yekuparadzira mahormone mumuviri wese.
Munhoroondo, masero e adenohypophysis anowanzo kurongwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwemavara uye mahormone aanogadzira, akadai se:
– Somatotrophs: inogadzira mahormone ekukura.
– Lactotrophs: inogadzira prolactin.
- Thyrotroph: inogadzira TSH.
– Corticotrophs: inogadzira ACTH.
– Gonadotrophs: inogadzira FSH neLH.
Hypothalamus inodzora kuburitswa kwehomoni ye adenohypophysis nekuburitsa kana kudzivirira mahomoni, ayo anotakurwa kuburikidza ne hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Maitiro aya anobvumira kudzora kwakanyatsojeka, sezvo masaini emahomoni kubva ku hypothalamus achifamba zvakananga ku pituitary gland pasina kufamba daro refu.
2. Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
Kusiyana neadenohypophysis, neurohypophysis haisi nyama yegland inogadzira mahormone ayo. Posterior pituitary inowedzera tsinga dzemukati. Inosanganisira axon magumo ema neuron e hypothalamic anochengeta nekuburitsa mahormone maviri akakosha: ADH (vasopressin) ne oxytocin. Mahormone maviri aya anogadzirwa mu hypothalamus (mu supraoptic ne paraventricular nuclei), ozotakurwa ne axons kuenda ku posterior pituitary kuti achengetwe uye abudiswe muropa kana zvichidikanwa.
3. Chikamu Chepakati
Chikamu chepakati penhengo dzemuviri (pars intermedia) chiri pakati peadenohypophysis neneurohypophysis. Muvanhu, nzvimbo iyi idiki uye haishande zvakanyanya pane dzimwe mhuka. Chikamu chepakati penhengo dzemuviri (pars intermedia) chinobatanidzwa nekugadzirwa kwemahormone ane chekuita nemelanocyte, akadai seMSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone), kunyange hazvo basa rayo muvanhu vakuru richionekwa serishoma.
Basa rePituitary: Mahormone Akakosha uye Mabasa Awo
Basa repituitary rinogona kunzwisiswa nekuongorora mahormone aanogadzira (kana kuburitsa) pamwe nenhengo dzawo dzinoshandiswa. Mahormone ese epituitary anoshanda kuburikidza nenzira dzemhinduro kuti muviri urambe wakadzikama (homeostasis).
A. Mahormone eAnterior Pituitary
1. Hormone Yekukura (GH / Somatotropin)
GH ine basa guru mukukura kwemuviri, kuumbwa kwemapuroteni, uye kushandiswa kwemafuta nemakabhohaidhiretsi. GH inokurudzira chiropa kuti chigadzire IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), iyo ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera kukura kwemapfupa nenyama. Muvana, kushomeka kweGH kunogona kukonzera kukura kwakanonoka, nepo GH yakawandisa inogona kutungamira ku gigantism. Muvakuru, GH yakawandisa inokonzera acromegaly (kukura kwemaoko netsoka, uye kuchinja kwechimiro chechiso).
2. Prolactin (PRL)
Prolactin inonyanya kushanda kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwemukaka mumadzimai anoyamwisa. Kuburitswa kwayo kunowedzera mushure mekusununguka uye kunokonzerwa nekukurudzirwa kwekuyamwisa. Zvinofadza kuti, prolactin inonyanya kudzorwa nekudziviswa kubva kuhypothalamus kuburikidza nedopamine. Kana kudziviswa kwedopamine kwaderera, prolactin inowedzera. Prolactin yakawandisa inogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwekuenda kumwedzi, kusabereka, uye kuburitswa kwemukaka kunze kwenguva yekuyamwisa (galactorrhea).
3. Hormone Inokurudzira Gwara Remudumbu (TSH)
TSH inokurudzira thyroid gland kuti igadzire mahormone ethyroid (T3 naT4), ayo anodzora mashandiro emuviri, tembiricha yemuviri, kurova kwemoyo, uye kukura kwetsinga. Mazinga eT3/T4 akakwana anoderedza TSH kuburikidza nemhinduro dzisina kunaka, zvichichengetedza thyroid hormone yakaringana.
4. Homoni yeAdrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
ACTH inokurudzira adrenal cortex kuti igadzire glucocorticoids, kunyanya cortisol. Cortisol yakakosha pakuita kuti munhu anzwe kushushikana, anodzora shuga yeropa, anodzora BP, uye anoderedza kuzvimba. ACTH yakawandisa inogona kukonzera matambudziko akadai sekushaya simba kweadrenal kana kuti Cushing's syndrome.
5. Hormone Inokurudzira Follicle (FSH) uye Hormone Inokurudzira Luteinizing (LH)
Mahormone maviri aya anodzora mashandiro ekubereka. Muvakadzi, FSH inokurudzira kukura kwemasero emudumbu uye kugadzirwa kweestrogen, ukuwo LH inokurudzira ovulation uye kuumbwa kwecorpus luteum, iyo inoburitsa progesterone. Muvarume, FSH inotsigira spermatogenesis, ukuwo LH inokurudzira masero eLeydig kuti agadzire testosterone.
B. Mahormone ePosterior Pituitary
1. Homoni Inoderedza Kubuda Kwemvura Mudumbu (ADH / Vasopressin)
ADH inodzora kuenzana kwemvura mumuviri nekuwedzera kunyudzwa kwemvura muitsvo, zvichikonzera kuti weti irambe yakabatana. ADH inobatsirawo mukuchengetedza BP kuburikidza nekudzikira kweropa pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Kushomeka kweADH kunokonzera chirwere cheshuga insipidus, chinoratidzwa nekuwanda kweweti uye nyota yakanyanya. Kusiyana neizvi, kuwanda kweADH kunogona kukonzera SIADH, iyo inokonzera kuchengetwa kwemvura uye kusagadzikana kwe electrolyte, kunyanya sodium shoma.
2. Oxytocin
Oxytocin ine basa guru mukubata kwechibereko panguva yekusununguka uye inobatsira kuburitsa mukaka nekukurudzira kubata kwemasero e myoepithelial ari muzamhu (the let-down reflex). Oxytocin inobatanidzwawo nezvimwe zvinhu zvemagariro evanhu, zvakaita sekubatana kwemanzwiro, kunyange zvazvo nzira dzacho dzakaoma uye dzine zvinhu zvakawanda.
Maitiro Ekutonga: Mhinduro uye Mitambo Yezvehupenyu
Mahormone mazhinji epituitary anoshanda mu negative feedback loop nemagland avo avanoda. Semuenzaniso, kana huwandu hwehormone yethyroid hukawedzera, TSH inodzvinyirirwa. Maitiro aya anodzivirira kugadzirwa kwemahormone kwakawandisa. Uyezve, mamwe mahormone ane circadian rhythm. Semuenzaniso, huwandu hweACTH necortisol hunowanzo kuve hwakakwira mangwanani uye hwakaderera husiku, zvichiratidza zvinodiwa nemabasa ezuva nezuva uye mhinduro dzekushushikana.
Kukosha kwePituitary kuhutano
Nekuti pituitary gland inokanganisa mabasa mazhinji emuviri - kukura, metabolism, kubereka, kushushikana, uye kuenzana kwemvura - kunyangwe kukanganiswa kudiki kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakura. Matumbu epituitary (adenomas), semuenzaniso, anogona kukonzera kuwanda kana kushomeka kwemahormone akati wandei, pamwe nekumanikidzwa kwenyama yakapoteredza. Zviratidzo zvinosiyana: musoro, matambudziko ekuona, kuchinja kwehuremu, kusagadzikana kwemwedzi, kushaya mbereko, uye kunyange kuchinja kwechimiro chemuviri kana paine GH yakawandisa.
Mhedziso
Gland repituitary ndiro rinotonga endocrine system, richishanda pamwe chete nehypothalamus. Maumbirwo egland repituitary, rakakamurwa kuita adenohypophysis uye neurohypophysis, rinoita kuti mahormone agadziriswe kuburikidza nenzira mbiri dzakasiyana: kugadzirwa kwemahormone emudumbu anterior uye kuchengetwa nekuburitswa kwemahormone eposterior hypothalamic. Mahormone epituitary anodzora maitiro akawanda akakosha—kubva pakukura nekuyamwisa kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemetabolism uye kupindura kwekushushikana kusvika pakubereka kusvika pakuenzana kwemvura. Nekunzwisisa maumbirwo uye mashandiro egland repituitary, tinogona kuona zviri nyore kukosha kwekuenzana kwemahormone pahutano uye kunzwisisa migumisiro inogona kuitika yezvirwere mugland iri diki.
