Nheyo dzeMichina yeDC neAC
Muchina wemagetsi mudziyo unoshandura simba kubva kune imwe nzira kuenda kune imwe kuburikidza nemisimboti yemagetsi. Muinjiniya yemagetsi, mapoka maviri emuchina anonyanya kutaurwa nezvawo uye anowanzo kurukurwa ndiwo michina yeDC (direct current) uye michina yeAC (alternating current). Ose anogona kushanda semota (kushandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remakanika) kana majenareta (kushandura simba remakanika kuita simba remagetsi). Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa huru , kuvaka, misimboti yekushanda, uye mutsauko mukuru pakati pemichina yeDC neyeAC.
1. Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeMichina yeMagetsi
Kushanda kwepakati pemuchina wemagetsi kunoenderana nepfungwa mbiri huru:
1. Simba reLorentz: dhayakita rinotakura magetsi mumunda wemagineti richasangana nesimba. Iri ndiro hwaro basa remotokari, uko simba remagineti rinogadzira torque inotenderera rotor.
2. Kupinza kwemagetsi (Mutemo waFaraday): shanduko mukufamba kwemagineti inocheka kondakita inogadzira voltage inokonzereswa. Iyi ndiyo hwaro basa rejenareta, uko kutenderera kwemuchina kunogadzira magetsi emagetsi.
Nemamwe mashoko, muchina wemagetsi unoshandisa kudyidzana kwemagineti nemafurenzi emagetsi kugadzira kufamba, kana kuti, kugadzira magetsi kubva mukufamba.
2. Muchina weDC (Direct Current)
2.1 Tsanangudzo uye Hunhu
Muchina weDC muchina wemagetsi unoshanda pamagetsi akananga (DC). Michina iyi inozivikanwa nekureruka kwayo kwekumhanya uye kudzora torque. Zvisinei, kushandisa macommutator nemabhurashi kunoita kuti kugadzirisa kuve kwakaoma kupfuura michina yakawanda yeAC.
2.2 Kuvaka Kukuru kweMuchina weDC
Kazhinji, muchina weDC unosanganisira:
– Stator (chikamu chisingachinji): inogadzira simba remagineti. Simba remagineti rinogona kuumbwa ne:
- Makomba emunda pamatanda e stator, kana
– Magineti anogara aripo (mumota diki dzeDC).
– Rotor/Armature (chikamu chinotenderera): pane armature coil. Mu coil iyi, induced voltage uye current flow zvinoitika, izvo zvinoburitsa torque.
– Commutator: chinhu chiri muchimiro chemhete yakapatsanurwa iyo inoshanda kudzosera divi remagetsi mu rotor coil kuitira kuti torque irambe iri munzira imwe chete.
– Bhurashi: dhayakita (kazhinji kabhoni) inofambisa magetsi kubva kunobva mhepo kuenda kumagetsi.
2.3 Prinsip Kerja Mota yeDC
Kana mvura ichiyerera pa rotor coil iri mumunda wemagineti Mu stator, simba reLorentz rinogadzirwa pama conductors. Simba iri rinogadzira torque, zvichiita kuti rotor itenderere. Kuti irambe ichitenderera ne torque yakanangana, commutator inodzosera current connection yega yega hafu yekuchinja.
Kumhanya kwemota yeDC kunokanganiswa ne:
- Hukuru hwevoltage yeanchor,
- Hukuru hwekushanduka kwemunda,
– Mutoro wemakanika.
Kudzora kumhanya kwemota yeDC kunogona kuitwa zviri nyore, semuenzaniso nekuchinja voltage yekupinda kana kugadzirisa simba remagetsi.
2.4 Nheyo yekushanda kwejenareta DC
Kana rotor ikatenderedzwa nechinhu chinopa simba (semuenzaniso, turbine), rotor coils inocheka magnetic flux, zvichiburitsa voltage inokonzereswa (AC, zvega). Commutator inozogadzirisa mhedzisiro yacho, zvichikonzera kubuda kweDC pamaterminals.
2.5 Mhando dzeMichina yeDC
Michina yeDC inowanzo patsanurwa nenzira yekufadza munda:
– Shunt: field coil yakabatana neanchor (kumhanya kwakasimba).
– Nhevedzano: field coil yakatevedzana ine armature (torque huru yekutanga).
– Musanganiswa: musanganiswa we shunt ne series (kuwirirana pakati pe torque yekutanga nekugadzikana).
- Vachifara vari vega: nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzebasa (kutonga kunochinjika zviri nyore).
3. Muchina weAC (Alternating Current)
3.1 Tsanangudzo uye Hunhu
Muchina weAC muchina wemagetsi unoshanda nemagetsi anochinja-chinja. Michina yeAC inonyanya kushandiswa mumaindasitiri nekuti inowanzova nyore (kunyanya mota dze induction), yakasimba, uye inoda kugadziriswa kushoma. Michina yeAC inowanzova mumhando mbiri huru: michina ye synchronous uye michina ye induction (asynchronous).
3.2 Kuvaka Kwakazara kweMuchina weAC
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvemuchina weAC zvinosanganisirawo stator nerotor:
– Stator: ine ma coil ane maphase matatu (mumashandisirwo mazhinji emaindasitiri) anogadzira simba remagineti rinotenderera.
- Rotor: rudzi rwerotor runoenderana nerudzi rweinjini:
– Rotor yekeji yesquirrel iri mumota ye induction ine mitsetse ye conductor ine ma short-circuit ane rings.
- Rotor yeronda mune mamwe ma induction motors inobvumira kuwedzera kwe resistance yekunze.
– Pole rotor (field rotor) mumichina inoenderana (rotor field inogona kubva kuDC current kana permanent magnet).
3.3 Magnetic Field Inotenderera
Chinhu chinoshamisa chemuchina weAC une zvikamu zvitatu ndiko kugona kwestator kugadzira simba remagineti rinotenderera. Kana simba remagineti rezvikamu zvitatu richipfuura nemuma coil e stator, simba remagineti rinotenderera nekumhanya kwakatarwa, kunonzi synchronous speed:
\[
n_s = \frac{120 f}{P}
\]
di mana:
– \( n_s \) = kumhanya kwakafanana (rpm),
– \( f \) = frequency (Hz),
– \( P \) = nhamba yematanda.
Kumhanya uku kunosarudza hunhu hwemota yeAC.
4. Mota yeInduction (Isingaenderane)
4.1 Nheyo yeKushanda
Mamota emagetsi anoshandisa simba remagetsi (electromagnetic induction). Nzvimbo inotenderera ye stator inocheka nepakati pema conductors e rotor, ichiburitsa simba rinobuda mu rotor. Iri simba re rotor rinoburitsa simba re rotor rinobata ne stator field, zvichiburitsa simba re torque.
Rotor yemota ye induction haimbosviki pakumhanya kwe synchronous. Musiyano uripo pakati pekumhanya kwe rotor nekumhanya kwe synchronous unonzi slip:
\[
s = \frac{n_s – n_r}{n_s}
\]
Kutsvedza kunodiwa kuti maitiro ekudzidzira aenderere mberi.
4.2 Zvakanakira uye Zvisina Kukwana
Superiority:
- Kuvaka kuri nyore uye kwakasimba,
- Kugadziriswa kushoma,
- Mutengo wakaderera, wakakodzera maindasitiri.
Keterbatasan:
- Kudzora kumhanya hakusi nyore semota yeDC isina mimwe michina,
– Simba rekutanga rinogona kuva rakakura (rinoda nzira chaiyo yekutanga kana inverter/VFD).
5. Muchina Unopindirana
5.1 Nheyo yeKushanda
Mumuchina unoshanda pamwe chete, rotor inotenderera nekumhanya kwakafanana nemunda unotenderera we stator. Rotor ine simba remagineti (kubva kuDC current kuburikidza ne slip rings kana magineti anogara kwenguva refu) "anovhara" nemunda we stator.
5.2 Mashandisirwo
– Majenareta anowirirana (alternators) mumafekitori emagetsi ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa, nekuti anogadzira voltage yeAC yakagadzikana.
– Mota dzinoenderana dzinoshandiswa pakushandisa zvinoda kumhanya nguva dzose uye kushanda zvakanaka, pamwe chete nemagetsi anogadziriswa (kunyanya nekudzora kufadza).
6. Kuenzanisa kweMichina yeDC neAC
1. Kwakabva uye Kubuda
– Michina yeDC: Kupinza/kuburitsa DC, uchishandisa commutator yekugadzirisa michina.
– Michina yeAC: Inopinza/inoburitsa AC, kazhinji isina commutator (kunze kwemamwe marudzi chaiwo).
2. Kuchengeta
– DC: yakakwira nekuda kwekusakara kwemabhurashi uye commutator.
– AC (induction): yakaderera nekuti haishandisi mabhurashi (emakeji rotors).
3. Kudzora Kumhanya
– DC: zviri nyore uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemagadzirirwo.
– AC: yakaoma zvikuru, asi ikozvino iri kubatsirwa zvikuru neVFD/inverter.
4. Kushandiswa
– DC: mota dzemagetsi dzakati, michina inoda kudzora kumhanya kwakarurama (mune mamwe magadzirirwo), masisitimu ekare ekutyaira.
– AC: mota dzemumaindasitiri, mapombi, mafeni, macompressor, kugadzira magetsi (majenareta anoenderana).
7. Mhedziso
Michina yeDC neAC inoshandisa kudyidzana kwemagineti nema electric currents, asi yakasiyana pakugadzira kwavanoita torque, kuvaka, uye mashandiro. Michina yeDC inobudirira pakudzora zviri nyore, asi inoda kugadziriswa kwakawanda nekuda kwecommutator nemabhurashi. Michina yeAC, kunyanya induction motors, ndiyo musimboti weindasitiri nekuda kwekureruka kwayo, kugara kwenguva refu, uye kuchengetedza mari. Kunzwisisa hwaro hwemhando dzese dzemichina idanho rakakosha usati wapinda munyaya dzepamusoro dzakadai sekudzora kumhanya nema inverters, ma drive system, uye kuongorora mashandiro uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemichina yemagetsi.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzira shanduro yehunyanzvi (ine mifananidzo yemafungiro uye mienzaniso iri nyore yekuverenga) kana shanduro iri nyore kune vadzidzi vebasa/vechikoro chesekondari.
