Lingaliro la Utilitarianism pa Chilango
Utilitarianism ndi imodzi mwa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri malingaliro amakono a makhalidwe abwino ndi ndale. Mfundo yake yaikulu ndi yosavuta: kuchitapo kanthu kumakhala kolondola mpaka kufika poti kumabweretsa zabwino kapena chimwemwe chachikulu kwa anthu ambiri. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito pankhani ya chilango, utilitarianism imapereka lingaliro lapadera, nthawi zambiri losiyana ndi lingaliro la chilango ngati "kubwezera" kapena "kubwezera koyenera." M'kati mwa dongosolo la utilitarian, chilango sichiyenera chifukwa wolakwayo "ayenera kuvutika," koma chifukwa chakuti chikuyembekezeka kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino kwa anthu onse.
Lingaliro Loyamba la Utilitarianism
Othandizira akuluakulu a utilitarianism yakale anali Jeremy Bentham ndi John Stuart Mill . Bentham inayamba kuchokera ku lingaliro lakuti anthu mwachibadwa amafuna zosangalatsa ndikupewa ululu. Chifukwa chake, makhalidwe abwino a anthu onse—kuphatikizapo malamulo amilandu—ayenera kukonzedwa kuti awonjezere chimwemwe ndikuchepetsa kuvutika. Ngakhale kuti Mill adapanga utilitarianism pogogomezera mtundu wa chimwemwe , osati kuchuluka kwake kokha, onse awiri adagwirizana kuti zotsatira za anthu ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chiweruzo cha makhalidwe abwino.
Ponena za malamulo okhudza milandu, utilitarianism imaona boma ngati bungwe lovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza (kuphatikizapo chilango) pazifukwa zazikulu za anthu. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse kokakamiza kuyenera kuyesedwa: kodi phindu lake limaposa kuvulaza kapena kuvutika komwe kumabweretsa?
Chilango Monga Njira, Osati Mapeto
Lingaliro lofunika kwambiri la Utilitarianism pa chilango ndi momwe chimagwirira ntchito. Chilango ndi njira yokwaniritsira zolinga zinazake za anthu, osati cholinga chokha. Kuvutika komwe otsutsidwa amakumana nako si "kwabwino," koma ndi mtengo womwe ungalungamitsidwe pokhapokha ngati upanga zabwino zambiri. Chifukwa chake, utilitarianism imakhala yotsutsana ndi chilango chomwe chimangolankhula kapena chamaganizo, monga zilango zoopsa kwambiri kuti akhutiritse mkwiyo wa anthu onse.
Bentham ananenanso kuti chilango nthawi zonse chimabweretsa "choipa" chifukwa chimayambitsa kuvutika. Chifukwa chake, chilango chimakhala choyenera pokhapokha ngati chingalepheretse choipa chachikulu. Kuchokera pamenepa patuluka mfundo yofunika: chilango sichiyenera kuperekedwa ngati sichithandiza.
Cholinga cha Chilango Malinga ndi Utilitarianism
Mu dongosolo lothandiza, pali zolinga zazikulu zingapo za chilango zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakambidwa.
1. Kuletsa
Kuletsa chilango ndi njira yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito. Chilango cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa umbanda poletsa anthu kuswa lamulo. Kuletsa chilango kungakhale kofala (kuletsa anthu ambiri kuchita umbanda chifukwa cha zotsatirapo zomwe akuganiza) kapena kodziwika bwino (kuletsa wolakwa yemweyo kubwereza zomwe adachita). Ngati chiwopsezo cha chilango chili chomveka bwino, chotsimikizika, komanso chofanana, olakwa omwe angakhalepo adzayesa zoopsazo ndikusankha kusachita umbanda.
Koma kugwiritsa ntchito njira za utilitarianism kumafunanso kusamala. Chilango choopsa chingachititse mantha, koma ngati chili choopsa kwambiri, chingayambitse mavuto ambiri pagulu, kuwononga kuvomerezeka kwa lamulo, komanso kuyambitsa chiwawa china. Motero, kugwiritsa ntchito njira za utilitarianism sikuti "kungokhala kovuta kwambiri," koma "komwe chilangocho chili chothandiza kwambiri komanso chotsika mtengo pagulu."
2. Kulephera kuchita zinthu
Kulephera kuchita chilichonse kumatanthauza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya wolakwayo yochita upandu wina, mwachitsanzo kudzera m'ndende. Izi ndizoyenera ngati wolakwayo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chobwerezabwereza ndipo ngati kuletsako kumachepetsa kuvulaza anthu ambiri. Malinga ndi malingaliro othandiza, kumangidwa si chilango cha makhalidwe abwino, koma njira yotetezera anthu.
Komabe, anthu okonda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri angakayikire kufunika kwa zilango zazitali kwambiri ngati phindu lowonjezera ndi laling'ono. Ngati wolakwayo salinso woopsa pambuyo pa zaka zingapo, kutalikitsa nthawi yandende kumangowonjezera kuvutika ndi ndalama popanda phindu lofanana.
3. Kukonzanso
Kukonzanso zinthu kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi utilitarianism chifukwa cholinga chake ndi kusintha khalidwe la wolakwayo kuti asabwererenso kukhumudwa ndikukhalanso anthu othandiza pagulu. Mapulogalamu ophunzitsa, maphunziro a ntchito, chithandizo cha kuledzera, ndi uphungu zitha kuonedwa ngati zothandiza ngati zichepetsa kubwerezabwereza ndikukweza ubwino wa anthu kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kwa anthu okonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira anthu, kuwongolera bwino kumaimira phindu lachiwiri: anthu omwe angakhale ozunzidwa mtsogolo amatetezedwa, ndipo wolakwayo amapeza mwayi wabwino wokhala ndi moyo. Komabe, anthu okonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira anthu amawunikanso momwe angathandizire kuwongolera: mapulogalamu ayenera kukhala ogwira mtima, olunjika bwino, osati kuwononga zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazosowa zofunika kwambiri pagulu.
4. Kubwezera ndi Kubwezeretsa Ozunzidwa
Ngakhale sizimatchulidwa nthawi zonse mu utilitarianism yakale, malingaliro okhudza kubwezera kwa ozunzidwa—monga kubwezera, kuyimira pakati pa chilango, kapena chilungamo chobwezeretsa—angapeze chithandizo champhamvu kuchokera ku utilitarianism. Ngati kubwezera kwa ozunzidwa kumachepetsa kuvutika, kukonza kuwonongeka, ndikuletsa mikangano ina, ndiye kuti ubwino wa anthu ndi waukulu. Zilango zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kubwezera zitha kukhala njira ina "yothandiza" m'malo mwa kumangidwa m'milandu ina.
Mfundo Yoletsa Chilango: Musachite Zoposa Zofunikira
Popeza chilango ndi mtundu wa kuvutika "kokwera mtengo", kugwiritsa ntchito utilitarianism kumabweretsa zoletsa zingapo zokhazikika. Chilango chiyenera:
1. Zotsimikizika komanso zosasinthasintha: kupewa bwino kuphwanya malamulo.
2. Kugwirizana kwa utilitarian: osati kofanana ndi yankho lofanana, koma kofanana ndi kufunika kopewa ndi kuteteza anthu.
3. Kuchepetsa: ngati zilango zopepuka zikugwira ntchito mokwanira, zilango zolemera sizingavomerezedwe.
4. Kusasankhana: kusankhana kumabweretsa mavuto owonjezereka ndikuwononga chidaliro cha anthu, motero kuchepetsa phindu lonse.
Motero, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe kumathandiza kusintha kwa dongosolo la chilungamo komwe kumachepetsa zilango zosagwira ntchito, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu m'ndende, ndikuyika m'malo mwa kumangidwa ndi zilango zina nthawi iliyonse ikatheka.
Kutsutsa kwa Utilitarianism mu Chilango
Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka ngati zomveka, utilitarianism imatsutsidwa kwambiri ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chilango.
Choyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito njira za utilitarianism kungathandize kulungamitsa zochita zomwe zimaonedwa kuti sizolungama, monga kulanga munthu wosalakwa ngati zikupereka mphamvu yoletsa komanso kupewa kuvulaza anthu. Mu malamulo amakono, mfundo za kuganiza kuti munthu wosalakwa ndi njira yoyenera ziyenera kupewedwa. Anthu ogwira ntchito za utilitarian nthawi zambiri amayankha kuti njira yomwe imalola chilango cha munthu wosalakwa idzawononga chidaliro cha anthu ndipo pamapeto pake imachepetsa ubwino wa anthu, koma kutsutsa kumeneku kukuwonetsa kusamvana pakati pa ntchito ndi chilungamo cha njira.
Chachiwiri, kuyeza "ubwino" ndi "kuvulaza" nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta. Kodi tingawone bwanji kuvutika kwa ozunzidwa, olakwa, mabanja awo, ndi momwe zimakhudzira anthu kwa nthawi yayitali? Ngati miyezoyo ndi yolakwika, mfundo zoweruza milandu zitha kukhala zolakwika: zofewa kwambiri motero sizingalepheretse upandu, kapena zokhwima kwambiri ndikuyambitsa mavuto ambiri pagulu.
Chachitatu, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa munthu payekha kungawononge ufulu wa munthu payekha. Ngati anthu amaonedwa ngati njira yopezera chisangalalo cha anthu ambiri, ufulu wofunikira ukhoza kusokonezedwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake machitidwe ambiri amakono azamalamulo amaphatikiza mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito ufulu wa munthu payekha (kupewa umbanda) ndi mfundo za deontological ( ufulu wa anthu ndi chilungamo cha njira).
Kufunika kwa Utilitarianism pa Ndondomeko Yamakono Yaupandu
Ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsa, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera n’kofunika kwambiri pa zokambirana za masiku ano pankhani ya malamulo okhudza chilango. Kuwunika kochokera ku umboni—monga kafukufuku wokhudza momwe zilango za ndende zimagwirira ntchito, mapulogalamu obwezeretsa anthu ku ndende, kapena zilango zina—kugwirizana ndi mzimu wothandiza: kusankha mfundo zomwe zimachepetsa umbanda komanso kuvutika kwambiri. Ndondomeko zambiri zamakono, monga kusokoneza milandu yaying'ono, mapulogalamu obwezeretsa anthu ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi chilungamo chobwezeretsa zinthu, zitha kumveka ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yothandiza.
Pankhaniyi, utilitarianism imalimbikitsa boma kudzifunsa moona mtima: kodi chilango chomwe limapereka chimachepetsadi upandu, kapena chikuwonjezera vutoli kudzera mu manyazi a anthu, kusweka kwa maubwenzi apabanja, ndi kutsekedwa kwa mwayi wantchito? Ngati zotsatira zoyipa za chilango zikuposa zabwino, utilitarianism ikunena kuti mfundoyi iyenera kusinthidwa.
Mapeto
Lingaliro lothandiza anthu pankhani ya chilango limagogomezera kuti chilango chimakhala chovomerezeka ngati chimabweretsa zabwino zambiri pagulu kuposa kuvutika komwe chimabweretsa. Chilango chimamveka ngati njira yopewera, kuteteza anthu ammudzi, kukonzanso, komanso kubwezeretsa ozunzidwa—osati kubwezera. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino anthu kumalimbikitsa mfundo zogwira mtima, zolinganiza, komanso zozikidwa pa umboni, komanso kutikumbutsa kuti chilango ndi "mtengo wa makhalidwe abwino" womwe uyenera kulamulidwa.
Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera kumakumananso ndi mavuto: kudzipereka komwe kungachitike chifukwa cha chilungamo cha munthu aliyense payekha kuti chipindulitse anthu ambiri komanso kuvutika kuyeza maubwino molondola. Mwachizolowezi, njira yodzitetezera ndi yamphamvu kwambiri ikaphatikizidwa ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi njira zovomerezeka zamalamulo. Ndi kulinganiza kumeneku, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera kungakhale maziko ofunikira popanga njira yolangira anthu komanso yothandiza kwambiri pa ubwino wa anthu.
