Tanthauzo la Zenizeni Malinga ndi Thomas Aquinas
Makambirano okhudza "zenizeni" mu filosofi nthawi zambiri amayamba ndi funso losavuta koma lofunika: chomwe chilipo kwenikweni, ndipo timadziwa bwanji kuti chinachake ndi chenicheni? Kwa Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), katswiri wa zaumulungu komanso wafilosofi wazaka za m'ma Middle Ages, zenizeni sizomwe zimangowoneka ndi mphamvu, komanso si lingaliro chabe m'maganizo. Zenizeni ndi "kukhalapo" (ens) komwe kuli ndi maziko olimba a ontological, komwe kumapangidwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo pamapeto pake kumabwerera kwa Mulungu ngati Munthu wangwiro kwambiri. Kudzera mu kuphatikiza kwa lingaliro la Aristotle ndi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu, Aquinas amapereka malingaliro enieni: dziko lapansi lilidi kunja kwa malingaliro athu, ndi lodziwika, ndipo lili ndi kapangidwe kolongosoka ka tanthauzo.
1. Zenizeni monga “kukhalapo” (ens)
Chinsinsi chomvetsetsa Aquinas ndi lingaliro la kukhalapo (ens). Kwa iye, zenizeni kwenikweni ndi chilichonse chomwe "chilipo" m'lingaliro la ontological: chilichonse chomwe chilipo. Komabe, "kukhalapo" sikumveka mofanana. Aquinas amasiyanitsa pakati pa umunthu (chomwe chili chinthu) ndi kukhalapo (kuti chinachake chilipo). Mwachitsanzo, kavalo ali ndi umunthu "kavalo" - kapangidwe kachilengedwe komwe kamamupanga kukhala kavalo. Koma umunthu umenewo sutanthauza kuti kavalo alipodi; umunthu ndi kukhalapo ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimasiyanitsa mwa zolengedwa.
Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa umunthu ndi kukhalapo n'kofunika chifukwa kumathandiza Aquinas kufotokoza chifukwa chake zolengedwa zimakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika: zimatha kukhalapo, kapena sizingakhalepo. Mu zolengedwa zolengedwa, umunthu si wofanana ndi kukhalapo; chifukwa chake, zimafuna chifukwa chomwe chimazipatsa umunthu wawo.
2. Kuwona zinthu moyenera: dziko lenileni ndi chidziwitso cha anthu
Aquinas nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Iye anakana lingaliro lakuti zinthu zonse (monga "umunthu," "chilungamo") ndi mayina opanda pake (nominalism), komanso sanavomereze kuti zinthu zonse zilipo mosiyana ndi zinthu, monga momwe zilili mu chiphunzitso cha Plato. Aquinas ankamvetsa kuti zinthu zonse zili ndi maziko enieni, koma timazidziwa kudzera mu njira yochotsera kuchokera ku zomwe zimachitikira m'malingaliro.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti zenizeni zenizeni ndi zenizeni; si chinyengo. Timazindikira dziko lapansi kudzera m'malingaliro athu asanu. Koma nzeru sizimathera pa chidziwitso cha malingaliro—zimatanthauzira, kukonza, ndikupeza mfundo zazikulu kuchokera ku zenizenizo. Tikamaona anthu ambiri, nzeru zimatha kumvetsetsa "mfundo yaumunthu" yonse. Chifukwa chake, kwa Aquinas, chidziwitso cha anthu chimachokera ku zenizeni zenizeni, koma chimafuna ntchito ya nzeru kuti timvetse tanthauzo lake lakuya.
3. Kapangidwe ka zenizeni: zinthu, ngozi, ndi kusintha
Potsatira Aristotle, Aquinas amasiyanitsa pakati pa chinthu ndi ngozi. Chinthu ndi chinthu chomwe chilipo mwa icho chokha—mwachitsanzo, “munthu” ngati munthu wodzidalira yekha. Ngozi ndi zinthu zomwe “zimamatirira” ku chinthu—mwachitsanzo, kutalika, mtundu wa khungu, kapena kukhala pansi. Kusintha kumatha kuchitika pamlingo wa ngozi popanda kusintha chinthucho: munthu akhoza kusintha tsitsi lake kapena kulemera kwake osasiya kukhala munthu yemweyo.
Komabe, Aquinas adavomerezanso kusintha kwakukulu, komwe chinthu chimasanduka chinthu china, monga kusintha kwa chakudya chogayidwa kukhala gawo la thupi. Pofotokoza kusintha, adagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a kuthekera ndi kuchitapo kanthu: chinthu chimasintha chifukwa chimakhala ndi kuthekera kokhala china, kenako kuthekera kumeneko kumakwaniritsidwa. Mkati mwa dongosololi, zenizeni sizimasinthasintha. Dziko lapansi ndi dongosolo losinthasintha lomwe limasintha kuchoka pa kuthekera kupita ku kuchitapo kanthu.
Lingaliro la kuthekera-zenizeni limathandizanso kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa ungwiro m'chowonadi . Chinthu chikakhala chenicheni, kukhalapo kwake kumakhala "kodzaza" kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuthekera kosakwaniritsidwa kukakhalapo, kukhalapo kwake kumakhala "kosatha".
4. Kufanizira kwa "kukhalapo": zenizeni zambiri ndi chilankhulo chokhudza Mulungu
Limodzi mwa malingaliro osiyana kwambiri a Aquinas ndi kufananiza kukhala (kufananiza kukhala). "Kukhala" kumanenedwa za miyala, mitengo, anthu, ndi Mulungu, koma sikufanana (kwa munthu mmodzi) kapena kosiyana kotheratu (kopanda pake). Tanthauzo lake ndi lofanana: pali kufanana ndi kusiyana.
N’chifukwa chiyani izi zili zofunika pa tanthauzo la zenizeni? Chifukwa kwa Aquinas, zenizeni zili ndi dongosolo. Miyala “ilipo” mwanjira inayake, zolengedwa zamoyo “zilipo” mwanjira yolemera, anthu “alipo” mwanjira yangwiro chifukwa ali ndi nzeru, ndipo Mulungu “alipo” mwanjira yangwiro kwambiri. Mwa fanizo, tikhoza kulankhula za Mulungu ponena za zenizeni za chilengedwe popanda kufananiza Mulungu ndi chilengedwe. Zenizeni za dziko lapansi zimakhala “zotsatira” zomwe zimasonyeza komwe limachokera, koma sizokwanira kumvetsetsa bwino gwero limenelo.
5. Mulungu monga ipsum esse imakhazikika: nsonga ya zenizeni
Mu metaphysics ya Aquinas, Mulungu si "cholengedwa chapamwamba" pakati pa zamoyo zina. Mulungu ndi wokhazikika—"Chilengedwe chokha chimakhalapo." Ngakhale kuti m'zolengedwa umunthu ndi kukhalapo ndizosiyana, mwa Mulungu ndizofanana: umunthu wa Mulungu ndi Umunthu. Chifukwa chake, Mulungu sadalira chilichonse kuti akhalepo, pomwe ena onse amadalira.
Kuchokera apa, Aquinas adapanga mfundo zotsimikizira kuti Mulungu alipo (monga "njira zisanu" / quinque viae), zomwe zimadalira kwambiri mfundo yakuti dziko lapansi limadutsa mu kusintha, lili ndi chifukwa, limasonyeza zochitika, lili ndi magawo a ungwiro, ndipo limasonyeza dongosolo. Zonsezi, malinga ndi Aquinas, zikusonyeza Chowonadi choyamba chomwe sichisintha, chosayambitsa, chofunikira, changwiro kwambiri, komanso gwero la dongosolo—ndiye Mulungu.
Motero, kumvetsetsa kwa Aquinas za zenizeni pamapeto pake ndi kusakhulupirira Mulungu: zenizeni sizimakhalapo zokha. "Zimatenga nawo mbali" mu Munthu wofunikira kwambiri. Dziko lapansi ndi lenileni, koma si zenizeni zenizeni.
6. Kutenga nawo mbali ndi chitsogozo: zenizeni zofikira zolinga
Aquinas ankakhulupirira kuti chilichonse chili ndi mapeto kapena cholinga. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ndi mfundo ya makhalidwe abwino, koma kapangidwe ka zenizeni: zolengedwa zimachita zinthu zabwino mogwirizana ndi chibadwa chawo. Mbewu zimakula n’kukhala mitengo; nyama zimafuna kupulumuka; anthu amafuna choonadi ndi ubwino pamlingo wozindikira. Kwa Aquinas, ubwino umagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukhalapo: chinthu ndi chabwino mpaka kufika poti chimakwaniritsa chibadwa chake mogwirizana ndi chibadwa chake.
Mwa anthu, kutsogozedwa kumeneku kumafika pachimake: anthu samangotsatira zabwino zokha komanso zabwino kwambiri. Mu dongosolo la Aquinas, chabwino kwambiri chimenecho ndi Mulungu, yemwe ndiye cholinga chachikulu cha kutsata kwa anthu. Choncho, zenizeni si "kukhalapo" kokha, koma "kukhala ndi tanthauzo," chifukwa cha munthu aliyense ali ndi malo ndi malangizo ake mu dongosolo la chilengedwe chonse.
7. Zotsatira zake pa momwe timaonera dziko lapansi
Lingaliro la Aquinas limapereka malingaliro apadera pa dziko lapansi. Choyamba, dziko lapansi limaonedwa ngati lenileni komanso labwino palokha, osati mthunzi woti lingosiyidwa. Chachiwiri, nzeru zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri: anthu amatha kumvetsetsa zenizeni chifukwa ndi zomveka, ndipo nzeru za anthu zimapangidwa kuti zimvetse choonadi. Chachitatu, chikhulupiriro sichiwononga nzeru; ziwirizi zimatha kugwira ntchito limodzi. Kwa Aquinas, chifukwa Mulungu ndiye gwero la choonadi, choonadi chomwe chimapezedwa ndi nzeru ndi choonadi cha vumbulutso sizingatsutsane pamlingo wofunikira—chomwe chingakhale cholakwika ndi kutanthauzira kwa anthu.
Kumbali ina, Aquinas akuchenjezanso kuti: chidziwitso cha anthu chili ndi malire. Timadziwa Mulungu kudzera mu chilengedwe mofananamo, kotero nthawi zonse pali mtunda pakati pa malingaliro athu ndi zenizeni zaumulungu. Izi zimalimbikitsa kudzichepetsa kwanzeru: zenizeni ndi zolemera kuposa malingaliro athu.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa kwa Thomas Aquinas za zenizeni kumachokera mu metaphysics ya "kukhalapo": zenizeni ndi chilichonse chomwe chili ndi moyo, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa umunthu ndi kukhalapo mwa zolengedwa. Dziko lapansi ndi lenileni ndipo limadziwika kudzera mu malingaliro ndi kulingalira, ndi chilengedwe chonse chogwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mu abstraction. Zenizeni zili ndi kapangidwe: chinthu ndi ngozi, kuthekera ndi zenizeni, komanso ungwiro wa madigiri a ungwiro. Pomaliza, zenizeni zimasonyeza Mulungu ngati ipsum esse subsistens, gwero la Kukhala lomwe limapangitsa zinthu zonse kukhala zotheka. Chifukwa chake, kwa Aquinas, zenizeni si mndandanda wa mfundo zokha, koma dongosolo lofunika lomwe limayenda ku ubwino ndi cholinga , ndi Mulungu ngati maziko ndi pachimake pa zonse zomwe zili zenizeni.
