Chiphunzitso cha Utilitarian cha Chimwemwe
Utilitarianism ndi imodzi mwa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri komanso zotsutsana kwambiri mu filosofi ya makhalidwe abwino. Yopangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19, imagwirizana kwambiri ndi akatswiri oganiza monga Jeremy Bentham ndi John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism imachokera pa mfundo yosavuta koma yamphamvu: zochita zimaonedwa kuti ndi zabwino kapena zoipa kutengera momwe zimakhudzira chimwemwe, kapena phindu. Nkhaniyi ifufuza zoyambira za utilitarianism , chifukwa chake yakopa othandizira ndi otsutsa, komanso zitsanzo zina za momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso mfundo za anthu.
Mfundo Zoyambira za Utilitarianism
Kwenikweni, utilitarianism ndi mtundu wa zotsatira, kutanthauza kuti kulondola kwa khalidwe la chinthu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zotsatira zake. M'lingaliro limeneli, chinthu chimaonedwa kuti ndi cholondola ngati chipanga "chimwemwe chachikulu kwa anthu ambiri." Chisangalalo, m'nkhaniyi, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ubwino kapena ubwino, nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa poganizira za chisangalalo poyerekeza ndi ululu.
Jeremy Bentham, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa chiphunzitsochi, adapanga lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito ngati muyeso wochuluka wa chisangalalo ndi ululu wopangidwa ndi chochita. Mu "Chiyambi cha Mfundo za Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Malamulo" (1789), Bentham adati "lamulo la chabwino ndi choipa" ndi lingaliro lalikulu la chisangalalo: "Chinthu chimakhala cholondola ngati chikuwonjezera chisangalalo, ndipo cholakwika ngati chikupitirira chisangalalo chomwe chatayika."
John Stuart Mill , akupitiriza ndi kukulitsa chiphunzitso cha Bentham, adawonjezera gawo la chimwemwe. Mu buku lake lofunika kwambiri, "Utilitarianism" (1861), Mill adati mitundu ina ya chisangalalo ndi yamtengo wapatali kuposa ina. Mill adasiyanitsa pakati pa "chisangalalo chapamwamba" chokhudzana ndi kufunafuna nzeru ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi "chisangalalo chotsika" chokhudzana ndi zosowa zakuthupi.
Ubwino wa Chiphunzitso cha Utilitarianism
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe utilitarianism yathandizira kwambiri ndi kuphweka kwake komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake. Mfundo yaikulu ya chisangalalo imapereka chitsogozo chomveka bwino cha momwe mungayang'anire zochita ndi mfundo, poyang'ana kwambiri momwe zingakhudzire moyo wa anthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, utilitarianism imapereka njira yeniyeni yothetsera mikangano ya makhalidwe abwino. M'malo modalira malamulo okhwima kapena mfundo zomwe sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito konsekonse, chiphunzitsochi chimatifunsa kuti tiganizire zinthu zonse zofunika ndikuwerengera zotsatira zake kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi zimathandiza kuti munthu akhale wosinthasintha komanso wogwirizana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana.
Kutsutsa kwa Utilitarianism
Ngakhale kuti pali zabwino zambiri, utilitarianism siili ndi otsutsa ake. Chimodzi mwa zotsutsa zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndichakuti chiphunzitsochi chinganyalanyaze ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi chilungamo chake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kupondereza anthu ochepa kungawonjezere chimwemwe cha anthu ambiri, utilitarianism ingaganize kuti kuchitapo kanthuko n’koyenera. Izi zingatsutse malingaliro athu abwino akuti munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wofunikira womwe sayenera kuphwanyidwa ngakhale kuti anthu onse akhale osangalala.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuyeza chimwemwe kapena ntchito ndi nkhani yaikulu. Kodi tingayese bwanji chimwemwe kapena chisangalalo mopanda tsankho? Kodi mitundu yonse ya chisangalalo ndi yofanana, kapena pali dongosolo pakati pawo? Nkhanizi zimabweretsa zovuta zazikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino utilitarianism.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwanzeru kwa Utilitarianism
Ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsidwa kumeneku, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaukhondo kumakhalabe kofunikira m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mfundo za boma, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi makhalidwe abwino a bizinesi.
Public Policy
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko opangira mfundo za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuganizira za njira zodzitetezera ku matenda kungathandize kugawa zinthu zachipatala panthawi yamavuto azaumoyo. Ngati njira zodzitetezera ku matenda zili zochepa panthawi ya mliri wa COVID-19, mfundo zodzitetezera ku matenda zingapangitse kuti njira zodzitetezera ku matenda zigawidwe kwa odwala omwe ali ndi mwayi wochira, kuti anthu ambiri apulumuke.
Kuphatikiza apo, mfundo zachikhalidwe monga kukhazikitsa msonkho wa kaboni kuti muchepetse mpweya woipa womwe umawononga chilengedwe zingaganizidwenso kuti ndi zothandiza. Ngakhale kuti misonkho yotereyi ingayambitse ndalama zambiri kwa ogula, zotsatira zake kwa nthawi yayitali zikuyembekezeka kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndikukweza moyo wabwino padziko lonse lapansi.
Chisamaliro chamoyo
Kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalo za thupi (Utilitarianism) kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga zisankho pankhani ya makhalidwe abwino azachipatala. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani yoika ziwalo zina m'thupi, zisankho zovuta zingafunike kupangidwa zokhudza amene amalandira ziwalo zochepa. Zisankho zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimadalira njira zogwiritsira ntchito ziwalo kuti zitsimikizire kuti ziwalozo zipereka phindu lalikulu kwa wolandirayo.
Makhalidwe Abwino a Bizinesi
Mu dziko la bizinesi, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirira ntchito kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zochita za makampani kutengera momwe zimakhudzira onse okhudzidwa. Woyang'anira amene amagwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri amaganizira momwe mfundo za makampani zimakhudzira osati kwa eni masheya okha, komanso antchito, chilengedwe, ndi anthu onse. Mwachitsanzo, chisankho chokonza mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito mufakitale ngakhale kuchepetsa phindu la kanthawi kochepa chingaoneke ngati chothandiza ngati chibweretsa chisangalalo chachikulu.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha chisangalalo cha utilitarianism chikadali chimodzi mwa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zomwe zimakopa komanso zimakhudza kwambiri mu filosofi ya makhalidwe abwino yamakono. Poganizira kwambiri za zotsatira zake komanso kukulitsa ubwino, chimapereka chitsogozo chomveka bwino komanso chothandiza popanga zisankho zamakhalidwe abwino komanso mfundo za anthu onse. Komabe, monga ziphunzitso zonse, chimayang'anizananso ndi kutsutsidwa kwakukulu ndi zovuta. Komabe, m'dziko lovuta komanso lovuta, utilitarianism imapereka chida chofunikira poganizira momwe zochita zathu zingakhudzire ubwino wa anthu onse.
