Malingaliro a Filosofi a David Hume pa Empiricism
David Hume, katswiri wafilosofi waku Scotland wa m'zaka za m'ma 18, anali munthu wofunika kwambiri mu miyambo ya filosofi ya empiricism. Empiricism yokha ndi sukulu ya filosofi yomwe imagogomezera kuti chidziwitso chimachokera ku zomwe zimachitikira ndi malingaliro. M'mabuku ake otchuka kwambiri, "A Treatise of Human Nature" ndi "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding," Hume adafotokoza momwe chidziwitso chimathandizira kwambiri pakupanga chidziwitso, komanso zotsatira zosiyanasiyana za lingaliro ili.
Epistemology ya Hume Yovomerezeka
Chofunika kwambiri pa lingaliro la Hume loyang'ana kwambiri za kulenga ndi lingaliro lake lakuti malingaliro athu onse amachokera ku "malingaliro," zomwe timakumana nazo mwachindunji kudzera m'malingaliro athu. Malinga ndi Hume, malingaliro a munthu kwenikweni ndi tabula rasa (pepala lopanda kanthu) lodzaza ndi zokumana nazo. Tikayamba kuwona, kumva, kununkhiza, kapena kulawa chinachake, timalandira malingaliro. Kuchokera ku malingaliro awa, malingaliro amapangidwa.
Mu "Kufufuza Kokhudza Kumvetsetsa kwa Anthu," Hume amasiyanitsa pakati pa "malingaliro" ndi "malingaliro." Malingaliro ndi zochitika zamphamvu, zomveka bwino, zolunjika, pomwe malingaliro ndi ofooka, mithunzi yocheperako kapena zowunikira za malingaliro amenewo. Mwachitsanzo, tikamawona ndikugwira apulo, timakhala ndi lingaliro lake. Komabe, tikamakumbukira apulo pambuyo pake, timakhala ndi lingaliro lake.
Hume adapitiliza kunena kuti malingaliro onse, ngakhale atakhala ovuta bwanji, akhoza kugawidwa m'mawonekedwe osavuta. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la "kavalo wokhala ndi mapiko" ndi kuphatikiza kwa malingaliro a kavalo ndi malingaliro a mapiko. Izi zikusonyeza kuti luso la anthu popanga malingaliro atsopano kwenikweni limangokhala kuphatikiza, kuswa, ndi kusintha malingaliro omwe adakumana nawo kale.
Mfundo ya Causality
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe Hume adapereka pa kutsimikizira mfundo yakuti zinthu zimachitika chifukwa cha chinthu china chinali lingaliro lake pa mfundo yakuti zinthu zimachitika chifukwa cha chinthu china. M'malingaliro am'mbuyomu a filosofi, kuti zinthu zimachitika chifukwa cha chinthu china chinkaonedwa ngati ubale weniweni pakati pa chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake. Komabe, Hume adatsutsa lingaliro ili ponena kuti zomwe timaziona ngati ubale wa chifukwa kwenikweni ndi zotsatira za chizolowezi kapena zomwe timakumana nazo mobwerezabwereza.
Mwachitsanzo, tikamaona mpira wa biliyadi ukugunda mpira wa biliyadi wachiwiri, timanena kuti mpira woyamba ndi umene unayambitsa kuyenda kwa mpira wachiwiri. Komabe, Hume anati sitiona “kuyambitsa” kwenikweni; timangoona zochitika zingapo zikuchitika motsatizana. Chifukwa chake, kuyambitsa, malinga ndi Hume, si ubale wofunikira, koma ndi lingaliro lopangidwa ndi maganizo athu kutengera zomwe tawona mobwerezabwereza.
Lingaliro limeneli lili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa momwe timamvetsetsera malamulo achilengedwe ndi chidziwitso cha sayansi. Ngati malamulo achilengedwe ndi zizolowezi chabe zochokera pa zomwe zawonedwa mobwerezabwereza, ndiye kuti palibe chitsimikizo chanzeru chakuti malamulo awa adzakhalabe ofanana mtsogolo. Ichi ndiye maziko a kukayikira kwa Hume pa chidziwitso cha sayansi; komabe, Hume sakukana machitidwe asayansi, koma m'malo mwake akutilimbikitsa kuti tizikhala osamala tikamapeza mfundo zochokera pa zomwe takumana nazo.
Kutsutsa Mfundo Yoyambitsa Chiphunzitso
Hume ndi wotchukanso chifukwa chotsutsa mfundo yoyambitsa, njira yopezera mfundo zambiri kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo zomwe zawonedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tiona kuti dzuwa limatuluka kum'mawa m'mawa uliwonse, timakhala ndi lingaliro lakuti nthawi zonse limatuluka kum'mawa. Malinga ndi Hume, lingaliro ili lilibe chifukwa chomveka bwino.
Kwa Hume, mfundo ya kulowetsa tiyi ndi yosatsimikizika konse mwanzeru. Ngati tiona kapu ya tiyi yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala yotentha, tinganene kuti tiyi yonse ndi yotentha. Komabe, izi zimachokera pa zomwe zidachitika kale osati chitsimikizo chomveka bwino. Chifukwa chake, mfundo zazikulu zochokera pa kulowetsa tiyi ndi zongoyerekeza chabe, sizotsimikizika.
Kutsutsa kwa Hume pankhani yophunzitsa anthu kuzindikira zinthu mwa njira yophunzitsira kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa njira zasayansi, komwe kuphunzitsa anthu mwa njira yophunzitsira n’kofala kwambiri. Hume sanafune kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzitsira anthu kuzindikira zinthu mwa njira yophunzitsira, koma kutsutsa kwake kumatikumbutsa za zofooka za njira yophunzitsira anthu kuzindikira zinthu mwa njira yophunzitsira ndi kufunika kodzidziwitsa pakudzinenera kuti ndife odziwa zinthu mwa njira yophunzitsira sayansi.
Nkhani Zokhudza Kudziwika kwa Antchito
Mbali ina ya nzeru za Hume yofunika kukambirana ndi maganizo ake pa umunthu wake. Hume anakayikira lingaliro lakuti pali 'mwini' wokhazikika komanso wokhazikika. Kwa Hume, tikamayesa kudziganizira tokha, timapeza malingaliro ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana osintha, monga ululu, chisangalalo, malingaliro, ndi malingaliro. Palibe 'mwini' wokhazikika koma gulu la zokumana nazo za munthu payekha.
Lingaliro limeneli, ndithudi, limasiyana ndi lingaliro lofala la umunthu, lomwe limaona umunthu kukhala chinthu chogwirizana komanso chopitilira. Hume imatilimbikitsa kukhala okayikira kwambiri lingaliro la 'I' wokhazikika ndipo m'malo mwake kuganizira umunthu monga zotsatira za zochitika izi zomwe zangobwera kumene.
Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Kumva Chisoni
Mbali ina yosangalatsa ya maganizo a Hume ndi momwe amaonera makhalidwe abwino. Mosiyana ndi akale ake, omwe ankanena kuti makhalidwe abwino amachokera pa kulingalira kapena lamulo la Mulungu, Hume ankanena kuti makhalidwe abwino amagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro kapena malingaliro a munthu. Malinga ndi Hume, zigamulo za makhalidwe abwino zimachokera ku malingaliro a chisangalalo kapena kusasangalala komwe timakumana nako pa zochita zina.
Hume anati nzeru zokha sizingakhale gwero la zochita za makhalidwe abwino. Kuganiza kungapereke chidziwitso chokhudza zenizeni koma sikungapereke chilimbikitso chochitapo kanthu. M'malo mwake, malingaliro kapena malingaliro ndiye chisonkhezero chachikulu chomwe chimatilimbikitsa kuchita zinthu mwamakhalidwe abwino. Izi zikusonyeza kuti makhalidwe abwino, malinga ndi maganizo a Hume, ndi ofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro ndi m'maganizo osati mwachilungamo komanso mwanzeru.
Mapeto
David Hume anapereka lingaliro la filosofi lokhazikika pa empiricism lomwe linasintha bwino momwe timamvetsetsera chidziwitso, chifukwa, umunthu, ndi makhalidwe abwino. Mwa kutsindika zomwe takumana nazo ngati gwero lalikulu la chidziwitso, Hume adapereka maziko olimba a empiricism pomwe adatsutsa malingaliro ambiri omwe kale anali ovomerezeka mopanda kusanthula . Kudzera mu kukayikira kwakukulu, Hume sanangowonjezera mwambo wa empiricism komanso adapereka malingaliro owunikira kwambiri pa zofooka ndi kuthekera kwa chidziwitso cha anthu.
Motero, malingaliro a Hume pankhani ya kulamulira zinthu zakale akadali ofunika lerolino, akutipempha kuti tikhale maso komanso ofufuza bwino poyesa magwero ndi kutsimikizika kwa chidziwitso chathu. Monga katswiri weniweni wa kulamulira zinthu zakale, David Hume akutilimbikitsa kuti nthawi zonse tibwerere ku zomwe takumana nazo monga maziko oyambira omangira kumvetsetsa kwathu dziko lapansi.
