Descartes' Dualism of Mind and Matter: Phunziro la Filosofi
1. Pendauluan
René Descartes, katswiri wodziwika bwino wafilosofi wa m'zaka za m'ma 17, anali m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri omwe anakhudza maganizo amakono kudzera mu malingaliro ake osintha zinthu. Lingaliro limodzi lomwe adayambitsa lomwe lidakali lofunikabe masiku ano ndi la uwiri wa maganizo ndi zinthu. Uwiriwu wakhala maziko a zokambirana zambiri mu filosofi, zamaganizo, ndi sayansi ya chidziwitso zomwe zimafuna kumvetsetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa maganizo ndi thupi, komanso tanthauzo la chibadwa cha munthu.
2. Chiyambi cha Maganizo a Descartes
Descartes anabadwira ku France mu 1596 ndipo amadziwika chifukwa cha zopereka zake zazikulu pa masamu ndi filosofi. Mu ntchito yake yotchuka, "Meditations on First Philosophy," Descartes adapanga lingaliro lodziwika bwino lakuti "Cogito, ergo sum," lomwe limatanthauza "Ndikuganiza, chifukwa chake ndili." Kudzera mu mawu awa, Descartes adagogomezera kukhalapo kwa mutu woganiza ngati maziko osatsutsika a chidziwitso.
3. Chiyambi cha Uwiri wa Descartes
Uwiri wa Descartes umaika maganizo (res cogitans) ndi zinthu (res extensa) ngati zinthu ziwiri zosiyana kwathunthu komanso zodziyimira pawokha. Maganizo ndi chinthu choganiza chomwe chilibe kukhalapo kapena malo enieni, pomwe zinthu ndi chinthu chowoneka chomwe chimagwira ntchito mumlengalenga ndi nthawi koma chosowa chidziwitso.
4. Njira Yopezera Anthu Ena Chisoni ndi Kuchepetsa Mavuto
Descartes ankanena kuti zonse zomwe anthu akukumana nazo zitha kuchepetsedwa kukhala zinthu ziwiri: zomwe zimaganiza ndi zomwe zimakhala m'malo. Kudzera mu njira yochepetsera zinthu imeneyi, anayesa kumvetsetsa chilengedwe chonse mwa njira yamakina ndipo adatsimikiza kuti malamulo a fizikisi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziko lapansi. Komabe, anakana kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwewo kumaganizo, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi.
5. Zotsatira za Filosofi
Lingaliro la zinthu ziwirili lili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu m'magawo osiyanasiyana a chidziwitso:
a. Epistemology: (Chiphunzitso cha mfundo za m'Baibulo):
Mu gawo la epistemology, dualism imalekanitsa wowonera ndi chinthu chowonera, zomwe zimadzutsa mafunso okhudza ngati tingadziwedi dziko lakunja kapena zenizeni zakuthupi mopanda tsankho.
b. Makhalidwe ndi Zaumulungu:
Kukhulupirira zinthu ziwiri kunakhudzanso magawo a makhalidwe abwino ndi zaumulungu, komwe kugawanika pakati pa mzimu ndi thupi nthawi zambiri kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza mfundo zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso kukhalapo kwa Mulungu. Descartes mwiniwake anali katswiri wa zaumulungu wachikhristu, ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito kukhulupirira zinthu ziwiri kuti athandizire lingaliro la Mulungu la kukhalapo kwa mzimu wosiyana komanso wosafa.
c. Zamaganizo:
Mu psychology, lingaliro ili la dualism lapangitsa asayansi ndi afilosofi kuganizira momwe malingaliro angakhudzire thupi ndi mosemphanitsa, ndi momwe awiriwa angagwirizanirane.
6. Kudzudzula kwa Descartes' Dualism
Komabe, mfundo ziwiri za Descartes zokhudzana ndi maganizo sizinalepheretse kutsutsidwa. Zina mwa mfundo zazikulu za kutsutsidwa ndi izi:
a. Mavuto Okhudzana ndi Kuyanjana:
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu ndi vuto la kuyanjana, lomwe ndi momwe zinthu ziwiri zosiyana zimakhudzirana. Ngati ubongo si wa thupi ndipo chinthu ndi cha thupi, kodi zingagwirizane bwanji monga momwe timachitira pamene ubongo umakhudza zochita za thupi?
b. Chimonism ndi Kukonda Zinthu Zakuthupi:
Charles Darwin ndi asayansi otsatira ake adapanga chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko ndi lingaliro la moyo lokonda zinthu zakuthupi. Iwo adati zochitika zonse, kuphatikizapo kuganiza ndi chidziwitso, zitha kufotokozedwa kudzera m'njira zakuthupi ndi zamoyo zokha, popanda kufunikira zinthu zosakhala zakuthupi.
c. Kutsutsa kwa Zochitika:
Filosofi ya phenomenological yomwe idapangidwa ndi Edmund Husserl ndipo idapitilizidwa ndi Martin Heidegger idatsutsa uwiri wa Descartes ponena kuti zomwe anthu akumana nazo sizingalekanitsidwe m'maganizo ndi m'zinthu, koma ziyenera kumvedwa ngati umodzi wa phenomenological.
7. Cholowa cha Descartes' Dualism
Ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsa kumeneku, cholowa cha Descartes cha kusinthasintha kwa zinthu m'maganizo chikuwonekerabe m'makambirano amakono a filosofi. Kusinthasintha kwa zinthu m'maganizo kwa Descartes kwatsegula njira yopangira malingaliro atsopano kuti amvetsetse ubale pakati pa maganizo ndi zinthu, monga chiphunzitso cha kudziwika, magwiridwe antchito, ndi mbali ziwiri.
a. Chiphunzitso cha Kudzizindikiritsa:
Chiphunzitsochi chikusonyeza kuti mkhalidwe uliwonse wamaganizo uli wofanana ndi mkhalidwe winawake wa ubongo. Motero, ngakhale timalankhula za “maganizo” ndi “thupi” ngati zinthu zosiyana, kwenikweni ndi chinthu chimodzi chomwecho pamlingo wa zinthu zakuthupi.
b. Kugwira ntchito:
Functionalism imafufuza lingaliro lakuti momwe maganizo amagwirira ntchito zimatha kufotokozedwa kudzera mu ntchito yawo m'machitidwe ovuta, monga ubongo kapena kompyuta, popanda kufunikira zinthu zosakhala zakuthupi.
c. Kuyang'ana mbali ziwiri:
Dzinali likhoza kuyambitsa dualism, koma ndi chiphunzitso chomwe chimanena kuti maganizo ndi zinthu ndi mbali ziwiri za zenizeni zomwezo, zomwe sizingachepetsedwe komanso sizingalekanitse kwathunthu.
8. Kesimpulan
René Descartes, kudzera mu chiphunzitso chake cha zinthu ziwiri, adapereka chithandizo chachikulu ku filosofi ndi sayansi. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro ake a zinthu ziwiri akhala akutsutsidwa, akadali ofunikira ndipo ndi maziko a zokambirana zamakono pa ubale pakati pa malingaliro, thupi, ndi umunthu wa munthu. Kaya kudzera m'nkhani za epistemological, zamakhalidwe abwino, kapena zamaganizo, chiphunzitso cha Descartes cha zinthu ziwiri chikupitirizabe kutsutsa ndikukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu za ife eni ndi dziko lomwe tikukhalamo. Mwa kufufuza malire a malingaliro ndi zinthu, sitingofuna kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi komanso timayesetsa kuzilumikiza, kutibweretsa pafupi ndi kumvetsetsa kwathunthu kwa kukhalapo kwa anthu.
