Kutsutsidwa kwa Empiricism ndi Oganiza Bwino
Empiricism ndi rationalism ndi masukulu awiri a filosofi omwe ali ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri pa nkhani ya epistemology—kuphunzira chiyambi, chilengedwe, ndi zotsatira za chidziwitso. Empiricism imati chidziwitso chimachokera ku zomwe zimachitikira m'maganizo, pomwe rationalism imagogomezera udindo wa kulingalira ndi kulingalira kochokera pansi pamtima. Njira ziwirizi nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zotsutsana. Nkhaniyi ifufuza za rationalism ya empiricism, kufufuza mfundo zazikulu ndikuganizira za tanthauzo la filosofi la mkanganowu.
Maziko a Empiricism ndi Rationalism
Empiricism, yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi anthu monga John Locke , George Berkeley, ndi David Hume, imanena kuti chidziwitso chonse cha anthu chimachokera ku chidziwitso cha malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, Locke adati maganizo a munthu poyamba ndi "tabula rasa," kapena slate yopanda kanthu, yomwe kenako imadzazidwa ndi chidziwitso. Kwa akatswiri ofufuza zamatsenga, malingaliro ndi chidziwitso chonse chiyenera kutsatiridwa kubwerera ku chidziwitso cha malingaliro.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, nzeru zamaganizo, zomwe akatswiri afilosofi monga René Descartes , Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, ndi Baruch Spinoza ankanena kuti chidziwitso china chingapezeke kudzera mu nzeru zokha, popanda chidziwitso cha kumva. Mwachitsanzo, Descartes ankakhulupirira kuti luso la kulingalira, lomwe ndi lodziwika bwino kwa cogito ("Ndikuganiza, chifukwa chake ndine"), ndiye maziko a chidziwitso chonse. Anthu oganiza bwino amaona nzeru ngati chida chachikulu chomwe chimalola anthu kupeza choonadi.
Kutsutsa kwa Rationalist kwa Empiricism
Kutsutsa kwanzeru kwa empiricism kumachokera ku mfundo zingapo zofunika, kuphatikizapo:
1. Kulephera Kufotokoza Chidziwitso cha Masamu ndi Mfundo Zazikulu:
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe anthu oganiza bwino amatsutsa ndichakuti kulamulira sikungathe kufotokoza chidziwitso cha masamu ndi nzeru. Masamu ndi logic Ili ndi mphamvu zonse komanso zofunikira, koma siili ndi mphamvu pa zomwe munthu akudziwa. Ziwiri kuphatikiza ziwiri nthawi zonse zimakhala zofanana ndi zinayi, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe munthu akudziwa payekha. Anthu oganiza bwino amanena kuti chidziwitso chamtunduwu chingafotokozedwe kudzera mu nzeru, osati zomwe munthu akudziwa.
2. Nkhani Zokhudza Kudalirika kwa Maganizo ndi Kutsimikizika:
Anthu oganiza bwino anatsutsanso kudalirika ndi kutsimikizika kwa mphamvu ya malingaliro ngati gwero la chidziwitso. Zochitika zokhudzana ndi malingaliro nthawi zambiri zimakhala zonyenga, monga momwe zilili ndi malingaliro owoneka kapena maloto. Chifukwa chake, adanena kuti chidziwitso chochokera ku chidziwitso cha malingaliro sichidalirika kwambiri kuposa chidziwitso chopezeka kudzera mu kulingalira. Descartes, mu 'Kusinkhasinkha Koyamba,' adati chilichonse chopezeka kudzera mu mphamvu chimakayikiridwa, pomwe chowonadi chopezeka kudzera mu kulingalira kochokera pansi pa mtima chili chotetezeka kwambiri.
3. Chidule ndi Malingaliro a Metafizikiki:
Akatswiri a zamaganizo, potengera zomwe akumana nazo pakumva, amavutika kufotokoza mfundo zosamveka komanso zamaganizo monga umunthu, chinthu, ndi Mulungu. Chidziwitso cha zinthuzi sichingapezeke mwachindunji kuchokera ku malingaliro athu. Akatswiri a zamaganizo amanena kuti malingaliro amenewa amafuna njira yopezera nzeru yomwe imapitirira kuwona kokha.
4. Mfundo Yokwanira ya Kuganiza (Mfundo Yokwanira ya Kuganiza):
Leibniz, m'modzi mwa akatswiri oganiza bwino, adapereka mfundo yakuti Kuganiza Kokwanira, yomwe imati chilichonse chiyenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chokwanira chofotokozera kukhalapo kwake ndi mtundu wake. Kudzera mu mfundo imeneyi, akatswiri oganiza bwino adatsutsa kuyeserera chifukwa zomwe zimapezeka kudzera mu chidziwitso cha kumva nthawi zambiri sizipereka kufotokozera kwathunthu kwa chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake, komanso kusowa kwa kufotokozera kwa mikhalidwe yoyambira ya zenizeni.
5. Vuto la Malingaliro Onse ndi Zolinga Zonse:
Empiricism imati malingaliro onse amachokera ku zomwe takumana nazo, koma momwe timamvetsetsera kapena kukonza zomwe takumana nazo ndizofunikira kwambiri. kulemba Malingaliro a anthu onse monga “nzeru” kapena “chilungamo” ndi ovuta. Anthu ambiri oganiza bwino amagogomezera kuti kulingalira, kopanda kutsogoleredwa ndi zokumana nazo, kungafikire malingaliro amenewa chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti pali chibadwa cha nzeru chomwe chimathandiza anthu kukonza zokumana nazo kukhala chidziwitso chokhazikika komanso chothandiza.
Zotsatira za Kutsutsaku
Ngati kutsutsa komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa kutsatiridwa, kudzatitsogolera ku lingaliro lakuti pali zolepheretsa zazikulu pa njira yopezera chidziwitso chowona. Anthu oganiza bwino amati kuti tipeze chidziwitso chozama komanso chokwanira, tiyenera kudalira osati pa zomwe takumana nazo zokha, komanso pa kulingalira ndi kulingalira kochokera pansi pa mtima.
Zotsatirazi sizongoganizira chabe komanso zothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, mu sayansi, njira zoyesera ndiye maziko oyamba. Komabe, popanga malingaliro asayansi, kulingalira kochokera pansi pa mtima nthawi zambiri kumafunika kuti tifotokoze deta yomwe imapezeka kudzera mu kuwona. Einstein, mu chiphunzitso chake cha ubale, adagwiritsa ntchito kulingalira kwakukulu kochokera pansi pa mtima komwe pambuyo pake kudatsimikiziridwa ndi kuwona.
Kuphatikiza apo, m'makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe abwino, mfundo zina zosamveka bwino zomwe sizingathe kufotokozedwa mokwanira kapena kutsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe munthu akumana nazo zimafuna kuphunzira mwakuya mwanzeru. Mwachitsanzo, chilungamo cha anthu, ufulu wa anthu , ndi zina zotero, nthawi zambiri sizimakhala ndi maziko omveka bwino, koma m'malo mwake zimakhala zotsatira za kulingalira mwanzeru kozikidwa pa mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa kudzera mu kuganiza mozama.
Mapeto
Kuwunika kwanzeru kwa empiricism kumakhudza mbali zingapo zofunika kwambiri za momwe anthu amamvetsetsera dziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti empiricism imapereka maziko olimba a chidziwitso chozikidwa pa zomwe zimachitikira m'malingaliro, rationalism imapereka malingaliro omwe amalozera ku gawo lofunika kwambiri la kulingalira pokonza ndikupereka tanthauzo ku zokumana nazozo. Kuphatikiza kwa njira ziwirizi, komwe kumadziwika kuti mixed epistemology, nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa ngati maziko ofunikira kwambiri pakufunafuna chidziwitso chenicheni komanso chakuya.
Mwa kupitiriza kufufuza zotsutsa izi ndikuganizira mphamvu ndi zofooka za njira iliyonse, titha kumvetsetsa bwino zovuta za chidziwitso cha anthu komanso momwe tingapitirizire kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwathu dziko lapansi.
