Lingaliro la Chimwemwe Malinga ndi Epicurus
Epicurus, katswiri wakale wafilosofi wachigiriki yemwe anakhalapo m'zaka za m'ma 3 BC, amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa omwe anayambitsa sukulu ya filosofi ya chisangalalo, yomwe imagogomezera kufunafuna chisangalalo ndi zosangalatsa. Komabe, kumvetsetsa kwa Epicurus za chisangalalo ndi zosangalatsa kumasiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro omwe anthu ambiri amaganizira okhudzana ndi chisangalalo. Epicurus sanalimbikitse kufunafuna chisangalalo mopitirira muyeso kapena mosadziletsa, koma m'malo mwake adapereka njira yanzeru komanso yolamulira yopezera chisangalalo. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza lingaliro la Epicurus la chisangalalo kuchokera m'malingaliro osiyanasiyana ofunikira, kuphatikizapo malingaliro ake a filosofi pa chisangalalo, ululu, kulinganiza, ndi nzeru.
1. Chisangalalo monga Cholinga Chachikulu
Malinga ndi Epicurus, chimwemwe ndicho cholinga chachikulu cha moyo wa munthu , ndipo chisangalalo ndicho njira yochikwaniritsira. Komabe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti chisangalalo chomwe Epicurus amatanthauza si kungodzikhutiritsa nthawi yomweyo kapena kungosangalala, koma chisangalalo chakuya komanso chokhalitsa. Zosangalatsa zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi mtendere wamkati (ataraxia) ndi kumasuka ku ululu (aponia).
Epicurus anagawa chisangalalo m'magulu awiri: chisangalalo chosinthasintha (chisangalalo chomwe chimapezedwa pokwaniritsa zilakolako) ndi chisangalalo chosasinthasintha (chisangalalo chomwe chimachokera ku mkhalidwe wopanda ululu ndi zosowa). Malinga ndi maganizo a Epicurus, chisangalalo chosasinthasintha n'choyenera chifukwa chimakhala chokhazikika komanso chokhazikika. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti kuchotsa ululu ndi chisokonezo ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera chimwemwe chenicheni.
2. Ululu ngati cholepheretsa chimwemwe
Epicurus ankamvetsanso bwino ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa ululu ndi chimwemwe. Ankakhulupirira kuti chimwemwe sichingapezeke ngati munthu akupitirizabe kumva ululu, kaya wakuthupi kapena wamaganizo. Chifukwa chake, mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ya filosofi ya Epicurus ndi kupewa ululu ndi kusasangalala.
Epicurus anaphunzitsa kuti ululu wambiri womwe timakumana nawo umayamba chifukwa cha zilakolako zosafunikira komanso mantha opanda maziko. Mwa kulamulira zilakolako ndikuchepetsa mantha, munthu amatha kupewa ululu wosafunikira ndipo, motero, amakhala ndi chimwemwe. Epicurus adalimbikitsa moyo wosalira zambiri komanso wocheperako, chifukwa moyo wodzaza ndi zilakolako zosakwaniritsidwa umangobweretsa kukhumudwa ndi kuvutika.
3. Kufunika Kokhala ndi Kulinganiza ndi Kudziletsa
Epicurus anagogomezera kufunika kokhala ndi kulinganiza bwino ndi kuchita zinthu mosamala m'moyo kuti munthu akhale ndi chimwemwe. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti chimwemwe chenicheni chimapezeka m'moyo wosalira zambiri, pomwe zosowa zofunika zimakwaniritsidwa ndipo zilakolako zopitirira muyeso zimapewedwa. Epicurus ananena kuti mwa kukhala ndi moyo wosalira zambiri ndi kuyika chimwemwe pa zinthu zosavuta, munthu angapeze mtendere wamumtima komanso kumasuka ku ululu.
Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchepetsa thupi m'mbali zonse za moyo, kuyambira chakudya ndi zakumwa mpaka kucheza ndi anthu. Epicurus adati chisangalalo chomwe chimabwera chifukwa chofunafuna zosangalatsa mopitirira muyeso nthawi zambiri chimakhala cha kanthawi kochepa ndipo chimabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa, monga kutopa, matenda, kapena mikangano. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chisangalalo chomwe chimabwera chifukwa chochepetsa thupi chimakhala chokhalitsa komanso chopanda zotsatirapo zoyipa.
4. Nzeru Imagonjetsa Mantha
Chimodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu mu filosofi ya Epikureya ndi kufunika kwa nzeru pothana ndi mantha omwe amalepheretsa chimwemwe. Epicurus adazindikira mantha angapo oyambira omwe nthawi zambiri amavutitsa miyoyo ya anthu, monga kuopa imfa, kuopa milungu, ndi kuopa moyo wina pambuyo pa imfa. Iye adati mantha ambiriwa ndi opanda maziko ndipo amachokera ku kusadziwa ndi zikhulupiriro zabodza.
Epicurus ankafuna kuthetsa mantha amenewa pogwiritsa ntchito kuganiza mwanzeru komanso kudziwa zinthu. Anaphunzitsa kuti imfa si chinthu choopa chifukwa tikamwalira, sitikumananso ndi chilichonse, kaya chisangalalo kapena ululu. Mwa kuchotsa mantha a imfa, munthu akhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri pa kusangalala ndi moyo panopa.
5. Kufunika kwa Ubwenzi
Epicurus anagogomezeranso kufunika kwa ubwenzi kuti munthu akhale ndi chimwemwe. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti maubwenzi abwino a anthu angapereke chisangalalo chachikulu komanso chitetezo ku ululu. Mu ubwenzi, munthu angapeze chithandizo chamaganizo, chikhutiro cha nzeru, komanso chitetezo.
Epicurus anayambitsa Munda, gulu la ubwenzi ndi kuphunzira kufufuza nzeru pamodzi. Mu gulu ili, ophunzira a Epicurus adapeza chimwemwe kudzera mu chithandizo ndi kukambirana za filosofi. Epicurus ankaona ubwenzi ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wachimwemwe komanso wokhutiritsa.
6. Kuchotsa Umulungu Wopanda Phindu
Epicurus anatsutsanso malingaliro achipembedzo a nthawi yake. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti mantha ndi nkhawa zambiri za anthu zimachokera ku lingaliro la milungu yolanga ndi kusokoneza miyoyo ya anthu. Epicurus ankanena kuti ngati milungu ilipo, siidzakhala ndi gawo pazochitika za anthu ndipo idzakhala mu mkhalidwe wangwiro wosasokonezedwa ndi zochita za anthu.
Mwa kulimbana ndi malingaliro osokoneza achipembedzo, Epicurus ankayembekezera kumasula anthu ku mantha osafunikira ndikuwathandiza kufunafuna nzeru ndi moyo wabwino. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti Epicurus ankatsutsa chipembedzo chokha, koma anakana mbali za chipembedzo zomwe ankaziona ngati zopanda nzeru komanso zowononga chimwemwe cha moyo.
Mapeto
Epicurus amatitsogolera kumvetsetsa bwino chimwemwe monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuposa zosangalatsa zakuthupi ndi zakuthupi. Kudzera mu kulamulira chilakolako, kupewa ululu, kudziletsa, nzeru, ubwenzi, komanso kumvetsetsa bwino za kukhalapo kwa anthu ndi milungu, Epicurus amapereka chitsogozo chokwanira chopezera chimwemwe chenicheni ndi mtendere wamkati.
Filosofi ya Epicurus imaphunzitsa kuti chimwemwe chenicheni sichimapezeka nthawi zonse m'zinthu zazikulu komanso zodabwitsa, koma nthawi zambiri chimakhala m'moyo wosavuta, wolinganizika, komanso womvetsetsa. Filosofi imeneyi ndi yofunika osati m'nthawi yake yokha komanso m'nthawi yamakono, kumene anthu ambiri akufunafunabe njira yopezera chimwemwe chenicheni pakati pa zovuta zovuta za moyo.
