Chiphunzitso cha Thomas Hobbes cha Nkhondo ndi Mtendere: Kukambirana za Chilengedwe cha Anthu ndi Pangano la Anthu
Thomas Hobbes anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino andale a m'zaka za zana la 17. Malingaliro ake, omwe ali m'buku lake lofunika kwambiri, Leviathan, athandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwathu nkhondo, mtendere, ndi umunthu. Malinga ndi maganizo a Hobbes, kudzikonda kwa anthu komanso umunthu wampikisano zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo chosalekeza cha mikangano ndi nkhondo. Komabe, adaperekanso yankho la vutoli kudzera mu chiphunzitso chake cha mgwirizano wa anthu. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mwatsatanetsatane chiphunzitso cha Thomas Hobbes cha nkhondo ndi mtendere komanso momwe lingaliroli lilili lofunikira m'nthawi yamakono.
Chilengedwe cha Munthu ndi Mikhalidwe Yachilengedwe
Hobbes akuyamba kusanthula kwake powonetsa chibadwa cha anthu m'njira yake yachilengedwe, kutanthauza kuti, anthu asanakhalepo kapena boma. Malinga ndi Hobbes, anthu ndi zolengedwa zanzeru koma zodzikonda, nthawi zonse amaika patsogolo zofuna zawo ndipo amakonda kupikisana wina ndi mnzake chifukwa cha zinthu zochepa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti apeze zomwe amatcha "nkhondo ya onse motsutsana ndi onse" (bellum omnium contra omnes).
Mkhalidwe umenewu umadziwika ndi ngozi yosalekeza komanso mantha a imfa yadzidzidzi. Mu Leviathan, Hobbes amafotokoza moyo m'chilengedwe ngati "wokha, wosauka, woipa, wankhanza, komanso waufupi." Moyo wamtunduwu si wabwino kwenikweni ndipo umayambitsa mavuto akulu. Chifukwa chake, anthu amafunafuna njira zothawira vutoli.
Lamulo Lachilengedwe ndi Kuganiza Bwino
Kenako Hobbes anayambitsa lingaliro la "lamulo lachilengedwe" (lex naturalis), lomwe ndi mfundo zomwe zimapezeka kudzera mu kulingalira kwanzeru ndipo zimalamulira zochita zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti asunge moyo. Lamulo loyamba lachilengedwe, malinga ndi Hobbes, ndilakuti munthu aliyense ayenera kufunafuna mtendere malinga ngati ali ndi chiyembekezo choupeza. Ngati mtendere sungatheke, ndiye kuti munthuyo ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse yofunikira kuti adziteteze.
Lamulo lachiwiri la chilengedwe limasonyeza kuti anthu ayenera kukhala okonzeka kusiya ufulu wawo wachilengedwe ngati ena ali okonzeka kuchita chimodzimodzi, motero kupanga mgwirizano wa anthu womwe udzaonetsetsa kuti mgwirizano ukhale wotetezeka. Mfundo imeneyi, yomwe Hobbes amaitcha "pangano la anthu," ndiyo maziko a kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lodziyimira pawokha komanso boma.
Pangano la Anthu ndi Ulamuliro
Mu mgwirizano wa anthu wa Hobbes, anthu amavomereza kusiya ufulu wawo wachilengedwe kupita ku chinthu chachikulu komanso champhamvu kwambiri—chomwe Hobbes amachitcha “Leviathan”—posinthana ndi chitetezo ndi mtendere. Leviathan uyu, yemwe angakhale mfumu kapena bungwe la boma, ali ndi mphamvu zonse zolamulira ndikusunga bata.
Ulamuliro wokwanira uwu, malinga ndi Hobbes, ndi chofunikira kwambiri kuti khalidwe la anthu likhalebe lolamulidwa komanso kuti mgwirizano woyamba usaphwanyidwe. Popanda ulamuliro wamphamvu, mgwirizano wa anthu ukhoza kusweka nthawi iliyonse, zomwe zingabwezeretse anthu ku mkhalidwe wodzaza ndi mikangano ndi zoopsa.
Kufunika kwa Kukhazikika ndi Dongosolo
Maganizo a Hobbes okhudza mfumu yamphamvu nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi ankhanza kwa anthu ambiri. Komabe, malinga ndi maganizo a Hobbes, bata ndi dongosolo ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale mtendere ndi chitukuko. Popanda dongosolo losungidwa ndi mphamvu yosatsutsika, anthu angagwe pansi ndikubwerera ku chisokonezo.
Chifukwa chake, lingaliro la Hobbes la boma limaika patsogolo chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kuposa ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Kwa Hobbes, ufulu wa munthu aliyense ukhoza kuperekedwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi Leviathan mpaka pamlingo wofunikira kuti pakhale bata la anthu onse. Komabe, boma liyenerabe kuchita zinthu mokomera anthu komanso chitetezo cha anthu onse, chifukwa kulephera kutero kungawononge kuvomerezeka kwa mphamvu ndikupangitsa kuti anthu apanduke.
Kufunika Kwamakono
Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso cha Hobbes chinapangidwa pafupifupi zaka mazana anayi zapitazo, zinthu zambiri zomwe zili mkati mwake zimakhalabe zofunika kwambiri pa ndale zamasiku ano. Malingaliro okhudza momwe chilengedwe chilili komanso mgwirizano wa anthu ndizofunikira kwambiri pa filosofi ya ndale zamakono, kuyambira Locke mpaka Rousseau, komanso machitidwe osiyanasiyana andale omwe amalamulira magulu a demokalase masiku ano.
Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la mgwirizano wa anthu limakhalabe lofunika kwambiri pa mfundo za demokalase yamakono, komwe ulamuliro wa boma umachokera ku chilolezo cha anthu. Ngakhale maboma amakono amakana ulamuliro wonse womwe Hobbes adapereka, mfundo yakuti mphamvu za boma ziyenera kuteteza chitetezo ndi ubwino wa nzika zake ikadali cholinga chachikulu cha boma.
Malingaliro a Hobbes amaperekanso chidziwitso chofunikira pakumvetsetsa momwe zinthu zilili padziko lonse lapansi. Padziko lonse lapansi, dziko losakhazikika lomwe Hobbes adalongosola limatha kuwoneka momwe mayiko amagwirira ntchito limodzi. Kusowa kwa ulamuliro wodziyimira pawokha padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa mayiko kuyika patsogolo zofuna zawo zadziko kuposa chitetezo chamagulu. Mikangano yankhondo ndi mpikisano wazachuma pakati pa mayiko zikuwonetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za momwe Hobbes alili zomwe zikupitilira mu ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kudzudzula kwa Hobbes
Ngakhale ambiri amavomereza mfundo zazikulu za Hobbes, ambiri atsutsa maganizo ake, makamaka okhudza ulamuliro wokwanira komanso maganizo ake osasangalala pankhani ya momwe anthu alili. Mwachitsanzo, John Locke anali ndi maganizo abwino kwambiri pa chibadwa cha anthu ndipo ankanena kuti ufulu wachilengedwe monga moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu sayenera kuphwanyidwa ndi boma.
Locke adati ulamuliro wa boma umachokera ku mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa anthu, koma mosiyana ndi Hobbes, iye adathandizira lingaliro la kulekanitsa mphamvu ndi ufulu wa nzika kupandukira maboma ankhanza. Lingaliro la Locke likufanana ndi machitidwe amakono a demokalase, omwe cholinga chake ndi kulinganiza mphamvu za boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense.
Mapeto
Thomas Hobbes anapereka kusanthula kwakukulu kwa chibadwa cha anthu, nkhondo, ndi mtendere, ndi njira zomwe anthu angadzikonzekeretsere kuti apewe mikangano yowononga. Popereka pangano la anthu komanso wolamulira wamphamvu, Hobbes anapereka njira zothetsera mavuto omwe anali kukumana nawo nthawi yake.
Ngakhale kuti mbali zina za nkhaniyi ndi zotsutsana ndipo zatsutsidwa ndi omwe adalowa m'malo mwake, chiphunzitso cha Hobbes cha nkhondo ndi mtendere chikadali chofunikira ndipo chimapereka maziko ofunikira pakukula kwa nzeru zandale. Malingaliro a Hobbes pa kufunika kwa bata ndi dongosolo akupitilizabe kutsogolera zokambirana zamakono za momwe mabungwe ayenera kukonzedwera kuti asunge chitetezo ndi mtendere.
