Anarchism ndi Filosofi Yandale
Anarchism ndi mwambo wa maganizo andale omwe amalimbikitsa anthu opanda boma—umene ubale wa anthu umamangidwa pa mfundo za ufulu wodzifunira, mgwirizano, ndi mgwirizano. Mawu akuti anarchism ochokera ku liwu lachi Greek lakuti “anarchos,” kutanthauza “popanda mtsogoleri,” anarchism nthawi zambiri samamvetsetsedwa bwino ngati mawu ofanana ndi chisokonezo kapena lamulo la nkhalango. Ponena za filosofi yandale, anarchism imapereka ndemanga yokhwima ya machitidwe olamulira ndi aulamuliro ndipo imapereka njira zina zomwe zimaika patsogolo ufulu wa munthu payekha komanso kufanana.
Chiyambi ndi Mbiri ya Anarchism
1. Anarchism Yakale:
Anarchism monga gulu la ndale inayamba kuonekera m'zaka za m'ma 19. Anthu monga Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin, ndi Peter Kropotkin anali oyamba kuganiza izi. Proudhon ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha lingaliro lake lakuti "katundu ndi kuba," kutsutsa umwini waumwini komwe kumawononga antchito. Koma Bakunin amadziwika bwino chifukwa chokana mitundu yonse ya ulamuliro wa boma komanso kuyesa kwake kulumikiza anarchism ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito. Kropotkin anawonjezera gawo la sayansi ku chiphunzitso chake cha anarcho-communist, chomwe chimalimbikitsa kuthetsedwa kwa katundu wa boma ndi wa anthu, ndikuziyika m'malo mwa madera odziyimira pawokha ogwirizana mwaufulu.
2. Anarchism mu Zaka za m'ma 20:
M'zaka za m'ma 20, chisinthiko chinasintha kwambiri. Ku Spain, panthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ya 1936-1939, chisinthiko chinafika pachimake ndi kuyesa kwachisinthiko kwa anthu mwa njira yogwirizanitsa mafakitale ndi ulimi. Munthawi yomweyi, anthu monga Emma Goldman ndi Alexander Berkman adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakufalitsa malingaliro achisinthiko ku United States. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chifasizimu ndi chikomyunizimu chaulamuliro, gulu lachisinthiko linachepa.
Mfundo Zoyambira za Anarchism
1. Kutsutsa Ulamuliro Waulamuliro:
Chipani cha Anarchism chimatsutsa mitundu yonse ya ulamuliro yomwe imaonedwa ngati yopondereza, kaya ndi boma, chipembedzo, kapena capitalism. Boma limaonedwa ngati lopanga chisalungamo cha mabungwe, chomwe chimaonekera mu nkhondo, kupondereza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama molakwika. Anthu otsutsa Chipani cha Anarchism amakhulupirira kuti mphamvu zimawononga, ndipo chifukwa chake, machitidwe aulamuliro ayenera kuthetsedwa kuti pakhale ufulu weniweni ndi kufanana.
2. Kudzilamulira ndi Ufulu wa Munthu Payekha:
Anthu otsutsa ulamuliro wa dziko amagogomezera kufunika kwa ufulu wa munthu payekha. Munthu aliyense amaonedwa kuti ali ndi mphamvu zodzilamulira yekha popanda kufunikira kulowererapo kwakunja. Ufulu pano sukutanthauza ufulu wokha ku kuponderezedwa ndi ndale komanso ufulu wochotsedwa ku nkhanza zachuma.
3. Mgwirizano ndi Kuthandizana:
Mfundo za mgwirizano ndi kuthandizana ndiye maziko a madera a anarchist. Kropotkin, m'buku lake lakuti "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution," adanena kuti mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano ndi makhalidwe achibadwa a anthu omwe achita gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kupulumuka ndi kusintha kwathu.
Anarchism mu Filosofi Yandale
1. Kudzudzula Boma:
Mu filosofi ya ndale, boma nthawi zambiri limaonedwa ngati chitsimikizo cha dongosolo ndi chilungamo. Anarchism imatsutsa lingaliro ili, ponena kuti boma kwenikweni ndi chida champhamvu chomwe chimasunga kusalingana kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo iyi imapezeka m'ntchito ya Bakunin, yemwe adagogomezera momwe boma limawonjezerera kuzunzidwa kwa ogwira ntchito ndi gulu lolamulira.
2. Chiphunzitso cha Pangano la Anthu :
Akatswiri ambiri a zafilosofi andale, monga Hobbes, Locke, ndi Rousseau, amafotokoza za kupangidwa kwa boma kudzera mu chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa anthu, momwe anthu amavomereza kusiya ufulu wawo wina posinthana ndi chitetezo ndi bata. Anthu otsutsa mfundo imeneyi amatsutsa chiphunzitsochi, ponena kuti mapangano oterewa savomerezedwa ndi anthu onse ndipo ndi njira yovomerezeka yopezera mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu molakwika.
3. Demokalase motsutsana ndi Anarchism:
Ngakhale kuti demokalase nthawi zambiri imaonedwa ngati mtundu wa boma wolungama kwambiri, anarchism ikuwonetsa zofooka zake. Demokalase yaufulu yamakono, kuchokera ku lingaliro la anarchist, ikudalirabe machitidwe olamulira ndi mabungwe aboma opondereza. Zosankha monga "demokalase yolunjika" ndi "federation yaulere" zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo za anarchist chifukwa zimalola kutenga nawo mbali mwachindunji komanso kudziyimira pawokha m'deralo.
Anarchism mu Machitidwe
1. Zapatista:
Ku Chiapas, Mexico, gulu la Zapatista limapereka chitsanzo chamakono cha kusakhazikika kwa malamulo. Magulu a Zapatista amakana boma la dzikolo ndipo amadzilamulira okha kudzera m'mabungwe odziyimira pawokha ozikidwa pa mfundo za demokalase yolunjika komanso mgwirizano.
2. Womasuka ku Chikhalidwe:
M'madera ena a dziko lapansi, mabungwe ena omenyera ufulu, monga mabungwe omenyera ufulu ku Rojava, Syria, alimbikitsa anthu ambiri omenyera ufulu wawo. Amapanga mabungwe andale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za anarchism pankhani ya nkhondo ndi mikangano.
3. Mayendedwe a Anthu:
Kuphatikiza apo, magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu monga Occupy Wall Street ndi ziwonetsero za G20 nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsutsana ndi malamulo monga kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji, mabungwe akuluakulu, ndi njira zopangira zisankho mogwirizana kuti atsutse kusalingana kwachuma ndi mfundo zosalungama za boma.
Kudzudzula ndi Mavuto a Anarchism
1. Utopia:
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe anthu ambiri amatsutsa za anarchism n’chakuti ndi chinthu chachilendo kwambiri komanso chosatheka kuchitsatira. Otsutsa amanena kuti anthu opanda dongosolo lolamulira angagwere mu chisokonezo. Poyankha, anarchist nthawi zambiri amatchula zitsanzo zakale ndi machitidwe amakono omwe amasonyeza kuti anthu amatha kulinganiza bwino popanda kulamulidwa ndi boma.
2. Kugwirizana ndi Kukonza Zinthu:
Vuto lina lothandiza ndi momwe mungayendetsere kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi mgwirizano mkati mwa anthu omwe ali ndi anarchist. Anarchist amalankhula izi ndi mfundo za kugawa mphamvu ndi mgwirizano wa maukonde, komwe zisankho zimapangidwa m'deralo koma mogwirizana kudzera m'mapangano odzifunira pakati pa madera.
Mapeto
Chipani cha Anarchism, ngakhale nthawi zambiri sichimamvetsetsedwa bwino, chimapereka chidziwitso chakuya ndi kutsutsa machitidwe andale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe alipo. Mwa kutsindika mfundo za ufulu, mgwirizano, ndi kudziyimira pawokha, chipani cha anarchism chimatsutsa malingaliro ofunikira okhudza mphamvu ndi boma. M'malingaliro a filosofi yandale, chipani cha anarchism chikuwonetsa kufunika kokayikira kuvomerezeka kwa ulamuliro ndi kufunafuna njira zina zofanana komanso zaulere. Ngakhale kuti akukumana ndi kutsutsidwa ndi zovuta zambiri, mbiri ndi machitidwe a chipani cha anarchism zasonyeza kuti n'zotheka kulingalira ndikugwira ntchito kuti pakhale anthu omasuka komanso olungama.
