Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizana kwa Zilankhulo
Chilankhulo nthawi zambiri chimaonedwa ngati chida chongopereka mauthenga: tili ndi malingaliro, kenako "timawaika" m'mawu. Komabe, lingaliro ili likuyamba kugwedezeka pamene akatswiri a zilankhulo, akatswiri a anthu, ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo akufunsa funso lofunika kwambiri: bwanji ngati chilankhulo sichili chosungira malingaliro okha, komanso chimathandiza kupanga momwe timaganizira? Lingaliro ili limadziwika kuti chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo - lingaliro lomwe limanena kuti kapangidwe ka chilankhulo chomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kangakhudze momwe timaonera dziko lapansi, kukumbukira, kugawa zochitika, ndi kutanthauzira zenizeni za anthu.
Kodi Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizana kwa Zilankhulo n'chiyani?
Chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo nthawi zambiri chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mayina awiri: Edward Sapir ndi wophunzira wake, Benjamin Lee Whorf. Chifukwa chake, chiphunzitsochi chimadziwikanso kuti Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis. Mwanjira yake yonse, kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo kumanena kuti kusiyana kwa chilankhulo kumasonyeza kusiyana kwa njira zoganizira. Pali mitundu iwiri yomwe imakambidwa kawirikawiri:
1. Kutsimikiza kwa chilankhulo (linguistic determinism): chilankhulo chimapanga lingaliro. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati lingaliro silikupezeka m'chilankhulo, olankhula ake adzakhala ndi vuto kapena sangathe kuliganizira.
2. Kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo (mtundu wofooka): chilankhulo chimakhudza maganizo. Chilankhulo sichimatseka malingaliro, koma chimapereka zizolowezi zina zomvetsera, kukumbukira, ndi kugawa zochitika m'magulu.
Mu kafukufuku wamakono, mtundu wamphamvu sulandiridwa kawirikawiri ngati uli ndi tanthauzo lenileni, pomwe mtundu wofooka umathandizidwa kwambiri ndi umboni wovomerezeka. Mwanjira ina, chilankhulo si "ndende" ya malingaliro, koma chingakhale "magalasi" omwe amatizolowera kuwona dziko mwanjira inayake.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Chilankhulo Chingakhudze Mmene Timaganizira?
Chilankhulo ndi dongosolo la magulu. Tikamalankhula, tiyenera kusankha mawu enieni, galamala, ndi kapangidwe ka ziganizo. Zosankhazi sizili zopanda tsankho, chifukwa zimatikakamiza kutchula dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, zilankhulo zina zimafuna olankhula kuti atchule jenda m'ma pronouns ("ndi mwamuna" poyerekeza ndi "ndi mkazi"), pomwe zina sizifuna. Zilankhulo zina zimawonetsa malangizo (kumpoto-kum'mwera-kum'mawa-kumadzulo) m'mawu a tsiku ndi tsiku, pomwe zina zimagwiritsa ntchito "kumanzere-kumanja" mobwerezabwereza. Zizolowezi zimenezi zimatha kuphunzitsa ubongo kuti uzisamala kwambiri mbali zina za chidziwitso.
Kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo kumagwirizananso ndi lingaliro la zizolowezi za kuganiza. Sitimayang'ana dziko lapansi kuyambira pachiyambi nthawi zonse. M'malo mwake, timagwiritsa ntchito njira zathu zophunzitsidwa bwino zamaganizo: zomwe nthawi zambiri timatchula, zomwe nthawi zambiri timasiyanitsa, ndi zomwe nthawi zambiri sitifunikira kufotokoza.
Zitsanzo za Kugwirizana kwa Zinenero mu Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
1. Mtundu: Kuwona Sipekitiramu ndi Malire Osiyanasiyana
Gawo limodzi lomwe nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo ndi kutchula mitundu. Mwachilengedwe, anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zida zofanana zowonera, koma zilankhulo zimagawa malire osiyanasiyana a magulu. Zilankhulo zina zimasiyanitsa buluu wopepuka ndi buluu wakuda ngati magulu oyambira osiyana, pomwe zina zimawaika m'magulu a mawu oti "buluu." Pamene magulu azilankhulo amasiyana, maphunziro angapo asonyeza kusiyana kwa liwiro ndi kulondola kwa kusankha mitundu pamalire a magulu okhudzana ndi chilankhulocho.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti anthu amathabe kuzindikira kusiyana kwa mitundu ngakhale chilankhulo chawo sichikusiyana ndi mawu. Zotsatira zake zimakhala ngati chizolowezi, osati kulephera kwathunthu.
2. Kuyang'ana Malo: Kumanzere-Kumanja vs. Malangizo Apadera
M'madera ena a zilankhulo, malo ozungulira nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa m'njira zazikulu, osati kumanzere ndi kumanja. Mwachitsanzo, wina anganene kuti "sunthani pang'ono kum'mawa" m'malo mwa "sunthani pang'ono kumanja." Chizolowezichi chingaphunzitse olankhula kuti aziyang'anira malo nthawi zonse—ngakhale m'nyumba—chifukwa chilankhulocho chimafuna zimenezo. Zotsatira zake si chilankhulo chokha, komanso chidziwitso: luso loyenda ndi kuzindikira komwe kukupita likhoza kukulitsidwa.
3. Nthawi: Mzere Wowongoka, Kuzungulira, kapena Chifaniziro cha Malo
Chilankhulo chimakhudzanso momwe timalembera mfundo zosamveka bwino monga nthawi. Zilankhulo zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mafanizo a malo: "tsogolo lili patsogolo," "zakale zili m'mbuyo." Komabe, pali kusiyana kwa momwe "nthawi" imayikidwira, mwachitsanzo, molunjika kapena molunjika. Momwe chilankhulo chimapangira mawu a nthawi kumatha kukhudza momwe olankhula ake amaganizira momwe zochitika zimachitikira kapena kukonza nthawi yokumbukira.
4. Ulemu ndi Ubale Wabwino ndi Anthu
Mu zilankhulo monga Chijapani, Chikorea, kapena Chijava, kuchuluka kwa mawu olankhulidwa ndi kusankha mawu kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi udindo wa anthu, zaka, ndi kuyandikira. Olankhula nthawi zambiri "amakakamizika" kuganizira za ubale wa anthu akamalankhula: amene akulankhula naye, ulemu umene ayenera kusonyeza, komanso mtundu wa chithunzi chomwe akudzipangira. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo sichimangopereka chidziwitso komanso chimawongolera khalidwe la anthu komanso momwe timadziyikira tokha m'magulu a maubwenzi.
Kutsutsa ndi Kukula kwa Chiphunzitso
Kugwirizana kwa zilankhulo sikopanda mkangano. Kutsutsa kofala kwambiri kwa chiganizo cha chilankhulo ndichakuti anthu amatha kuphunzira malingaliro atsopano kunja kwa chilankhulo chawo, kumasulira, komanso kupanga zatsopano mkati mwa chilankhulo. Kuphatikiza apo, mbali zambiri za chidziwitso ndi zapadziko lonse: anthu onse amamvetsetsa chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake, ali ndi malingaliro oyambira, ndipo amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo sichokhacho chomwe chimapanga kapangidwe ka malingaliro.
Kumbali ina, kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana—makamaka mu zamaganizo ndi zilankhulo zamaganizo—umathandizira mtundu wofooka: chilankhulo chimatha kukhudza chidwi ndi kukumbukira. Mphamvu imeneyi nthawi zambiri imawonekera m'ntchito zofulumira (monga kuzindikira mitundu, kuyang'ana malo, kugawa zinthu m'magulu) kapena m'makhalidwe a anthu omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mwanjira imeneyi, mkangano wamakono sulinso pa funso lalikulu lakuti "kodi chilankhulo chimasankha kuganiza?", koma mafunso ofunikira kwambiri: pansi pa mikhalidwe iti, mbali ziti, komanso mpaka pati pamene chilankhulo chimakhudza njira zoganizira?
Kugwirizana kwa Zilankhulo mu Nthawi ya Digito
Mu nthawi ya malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo kumatenga gawo latsopano. Kusankha mawu, ma hashtag, ndi mawu ofala kwambiri zimapangitsa momwe anthu amafotokozera zochitika. Mwachitsanzo, vuto limatha kumveka mosiyana kutengera ngati limatchedwa "mavuto," "vuto," "chochitika," kapena "tsoka." Chilankhulo chimapanganso magulu odziwika: mawu ena amatha kulimbitsa mgwirizano wa gulu kapena kuyambitsa manyazi. Ndi kufalikira mwachangu kwa mawu, kusintha kwa malingaliro a anthu kumatha kuchitika m'masiku ochepa, osati zaka.
Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza ma code ndi kulamulira mawu achilendo muukadaulo kungasinthe momwe anthu amaganizira za ntchito, zokolola, komanso ubale wawo. Mwachitsanzo, mawu monga nthawi yomaliza, kuganizira kwambiri, kapena kutopa, si mawu okha; ali ndi njira inayake yotanthauzira za iwo eni komanso zomwe akumana nazo.
Zotsatira zake: N’chifukwa chiyani chiphunzitsochi chili chofunika?
Kumvetsetsa kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo kumatithandiza kuzindikira bwino kuti kulankhulana sikungokhudza "choyenera" ndi "cholakwika," komanso momwe timalembera zenizeni. Izi zili ndi zotsatira zingapo zofunika:
1. Maphunziro: Aphunzitsi amatha kuzindikira kuti mavuto a ophunzira nthawi zina sali mu lingaliro, koma momwe lingalirolo limaphatikizidwira m'chinenero.
2. Kumasulira: omasulira ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti kumasulira sikungosintha mawu okha, komanso kusokoneza maganizo.
3. Kukambirana pakati pa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana: kusamvana nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa anthu amagawa zenizeni m'magulu osiyanasiyana a zilankhulo.
4. Kuzindikira mozama: titha kukhala osamala kwambiri pankhani yofalitsa nkhani zandale, zotsatsa, ndi zoulutsira nkhani—chifukwa chilankhulo chimasankha zomwe zikuwoneka zofunika.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo chimatikumbutsa kuti chilankhulo si njira imodzi yokha yochokera pa ganizo kupita ku liwu. Chilankhulo ndi ganizo zimakhudzana muubwenzi wovuta. Olankhula salamulidwa kwathunthu ndi chilankhulo, koma zizolowezi za chilankhulo zimatha kupanga zizolowezi za ganizo: zomwe timasamala nazo, momwe timagawira magulu, ndi momwe timawunikira zomwe takumana nazo.
Pomaliza, kuphunzira za ubale wa chilankhulo kumafuna kuphunzira za kusiyanasiyana kwa njira zomwe anthu alili anthu. Chilankhulo chilichonse chimakhala ndi mapu osiyana pang'ono a dziko lapansi—ndipo tikaphunzira chilankhulo china, sitingowonjezera mawu athu komanso timakulitsa malingaliro athu pa zenizeni.
