Lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf mu Anthropology ya Zilankhulo
Lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf ndi limodzi mwa malingaliro okhudzidwa kwambiri komanso okangana kwambiri mu maphunziro a anthu a zilankhulo. Mwachidule, lingaliro ili limati chilankhulo si chida chongopereka malingaliro okha, komanso chimathandiza kupanga momwe anthu amaonera dziko lapansi, kugawa zochitika m'magulu, ndikutanthauzira zenizeni za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Mu phunziro la maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu—gawo lomwe limafufuza ubale wobwerezabwereza pakati pa chilankhulo, chikhalidwe, ndi machitidwe a anthu—lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomvetsetsa momwe kusiyana kwa chilankhulo kungagwirizanire ndi kusiyana kwa njira zoganizira.
Mbiri ndi anthu otchulidwa m'nkhaniyi
Lingaliro limeneli likugwirizana ndi anthu awiri, Edward Sapir ndi Benjamin Lee Whorf. Sapir anali katswiri wa zilankhulo komanso katswiri wa anthu amene anagogomezera kuti chilankhulo ndi gawo la chikhalidwe, osati chizindikiro chopanda tsankho. Anaona kuti chilankhulo chimapanga zizolowezi za maganizo ndipo chimapereka maziko a zomwe anthu akumana nazo. Wophunzira wake, Whorf, adakulitsa lingaliroli kudzera mu maphunziro a zilankhulo zachikhalidwe za ku North America, makamaka Hopi. Whorf anali ndi chidwi ndi momwe kapangidwe ka galamala ndi mawu angalimbikitsire olankhula kuti azisamala mbali zina za zenizeni.
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis," anthu awiriwa sanaipange ngati chiphunzitso chimodzi chokhazikika. Mawuwa adabwera pambuyo pake kuti afotokoze mwachidule malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudza ubale pakati pa chilankhulo ndi lingaliro lomwe lidachokera pantchito yawo.
Mabaibulo awiri akuluakulu: chiganizo cha chilankhulo ndi ubale
Mu zokambirana zodziwika bwino, lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf nthawi zambiri limamveka m'njira ziwiri: mtundu wamphamvu ndi mtundu wofooka.
1. Kutsimikiza kwa chinenero (njira yolimba)
Baibuloli limati chilankhulo chimakhazikitsa kuganiza. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, malire a chilankhulo ndi malire a momwe timaganizira; anthu sangaganize za mfundo zina ngati chilankhulo chawo sichili nazo. Lingaliro limeneli ndi lotsutsana kwambiri ndipo latsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa chochepetsa kwambiri luso la anthu lozindikira zinthu.
2. Kugwirizana kwa chilankhulo (mtundu wofooka)
Baibuloli limavomerezedwa kwambiri m'maphunziro amakono. Kwenikweni, chilankhulo chimakhudza kuganiza, chidwi, ndi kukumbukira—sichimachipanga kukhala chowonadi. Chilankhulo chimapereka njira zina zogawira zochitika m'magulu, kotero olankhula ake amatha kuzindikira zinthu zina kuposa zina.
Anthropology yamakono ya zilankhulo imakonda kuyika lingaliro ili mu mtundu wogwirizana, ndikugogomezera kuti chilankhulo chimagwirizana ndi zinthu zina monga chikhalidwe cha anthu, miyambo, maphunziro, ndi zochitika zolumikizirana.
Chilankhulo monga njira yogawa chikhalidwe m'magulu
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe Sapir-Whorf imapatsa ndi chakuti chinenero chili ndi gawo lake pa kugawa magulu. Chilankhulo chilichonse chili ndi njira yake yogawa dziko lonse m'magulu ofunikira. Magulu amenewa nthawi zambiri samakhala ofanana m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, zilankhulo zina zimasiyanitsa mitundu ya ubale wa ubale molondola kuposa zina. Zilankhulo zina zimakhala ndi mawu osiyana a "amalume amalume" ndi "amalume amalume," pomwe zina zimawaphatikiza kukhala liwu limodzi, "amalume." Kusiyana kumeneku sikungokhudza mawu okha; kumagwirizana ndi momwe ubale wa anthu umakhazikitsidwira, kukumbukiridwa, komanso kuonedwa ngati wofunika.
Mu maphunziro a anthu a zilankhulo, machitidwe achibale, mawu okhudza udindo wa anthu, ulemu, komanso mawu okhudza maganizo nthawi zambiri amafufuzidwa ngati njira yowunikira makhalidwe abwino a chikhalidwe. Lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf limathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mawu a chilankhulo amakula bwino m'madera ena: chifukwa madera amenewo ndi ofunikira pa moyo wa anthu omwe amalankhula.
Zitsanzo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakambidwa
Zitsanzo zingapo zakale zimapezeka nthawi zambiri m'makambirano a lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf, ngakhale ziyenera kudziwika kuti zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino zasinthidwa m'manyuzipepala ambiri.
Choyamba, pali nkhani ya zilankhulo zomwe zili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zotchulira mitundu. Ngati chilankhulo chimasiyanitsa mitundu yambiri, olankhula ake amatha kuzindikira mwachangu kusiyana kwa mitundu. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti olankhula zilankhulo zina ndi "osazindikira mtundu," koma chidwi ndi zilembo zimatha kukhudza liwiro la kukonza ndi kugawa magulu.
Chachiwiri, kuphunzira kwa Whorf chilankhulo cha Hopi nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa kuti kumagwirizana ndi lingaliro la nthawi. Whorf adati Hopi saona nthawi ngati mndandanda wa zinthu "zowerengeka", monga momwe zilili m'zilankhulo zaku Europe, koma m'malo mwake ngati njira kapena chochitika. Kunena kumeneku kwayambitsa mkangano ndi kukonza kwakukulu, koma kukambiranaku kwawonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu momwe magulu a galamala angapangire zizolowezi za chilankhulo ndi momwe timafotokozera zomwe takumana nazo.
Chachitatu, zilankhulo zina zimakhala ndi machitidwe a galamala omwe amafuna kuti olankhula anene zambiri zinazake, monga gwero la chidziwitso (umboni): kaya wolankhulayo adaziwona yekha, adazimva kuchokera kwa wina, kapena adaziganizira. Ngati chilankhulo chikufuna kuti olankhula asonyeze komwe chidziwitsocho chimachokera, olankhula angaphunzitsidwe bwino kuti azisamala za komwe chidziwitsocho chimachokera m'makambirano a tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chilankhulo cha anthu, izi ndizofunikira pa machitidwe a anthu monga momwe angakhazikitsire kudalirika, ulamuliro, ndi udindo pa zomwe akunena.
Kutsutsa ndi chitukuko cha sayansi
Lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf, makamaka lingaliro lamphamvu la determinist, latsutsidwa kwambiri. Otsutsa amanena kuti anthu akadali okhoza kumvetsetsa malingaliro atsopano kudzera mu kufotokozera, fanizo, kuphunzira, kapena mawu obwereka. Kuphatikiza apo, chilankhulo chimakhala chosinthasintha: olankhula amatha kupanga mawu atsopano kapena kugwiritsa ntchito akale kuti apeze matanthauzo atsopano.
Kafukufuku wa zamaganizo ndi sayansi ya ubongo akusonyezanso kuti mbali zina za kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira zili ndi maziko onse, monga luso losiyanitsa mitundu kapena kuzindikira mapangidwe. Komabe, kafukufuku wa zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana wapezanso kuti chilankhulo chingakhudze njira zina za kuzindikira, makamaka pantchito zokhudzana ndi kugawa magulu, kukumbukira mawu, ndi kusamala. Chifukwa chake, zokambirana zamakono zimafuna malo apakati: pali zinthu zonse zomwe zimachitika mu kuzindikira kwa anthu, koma chilankhulo chimathandizira kupanga zizolowezi zoganiza m'njira zobisika komanso zobisika.
Udindo mu chikhalidwe cha anthu chamakono
Mu maphunziro a anthu amakono a chilankhulo, lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf silimangokambidwa ngati ubale wa "chilankhulo → ganizo", koma ngati gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chilankhulo chimamveka ngati chizolowezi, osati kapangidwe kokha. Momwe anthu amalankhulira, kusankha mawu, kugwiritsa ntchito zolemba zovomerezeka/zosavomerezeka, kapena kumanga nkhani zimakhudzidwa ndi miyambo ya anthu. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu ya chilankhulo pa njira zoganizira siimayima yokha koma imalumikizidwa ndi mabungwe, mphamvu, maphunziro, ndi malingaliro a chilankhulo.
Mwachitsanzo, m'dera la anthu olankhula zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana, anthu amatha kusinthana zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana kutengera momwe zinthu zilili. Kusinthaku sikungokhudza chilankhulo chokha, komanso kukhudza umunthu: pamene wina akufuna kusonyeza kuti ali pafupi, pamene akufuna kusonyeza ulemu, kapena pamene akufuna kumveka ngati "mwalamulo." Pankhani imeneyi, funso la Sapir-Whorf limakula: osati "chilankhulo chomwe chimakhudza maganizo," koma "zilankhulo zomwe zimapanga zomwe anthu amakumana nazo komanso umunthu wawo."
Mapeto
Lingaliro la Sapir-Whorf likadali lingaliro lofunika kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa limasonyeza kuti chilankhulo chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe komanso momwe anthu amadziwira dziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti kutsimikiza mtima kwake kwakukulu kwatsutsidwa kwambiri, mitundu yake yocheperako ya ubale wa chilankhulo ikadali yofunika: kapangidwe ka chilankhulo ndi zizolowezi za chilankhulo zimatha kukhudza chidwi, kugawa magulu, ndi kutanthauzira zomwe zachitika. Pomaliza, phindu lalikulu la lingaliroli silili m'mawu ake okhwima akuti chilankhulo "chimatsekereza" malingaliro, koma m'chilimbikitso chake chowona chilankhulo ngati gawo logwira ntchito la moyo wa anthu - lenzi yomwe imapanga komanso imapangidwa ndi zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
