Njira Zofufuzira Zochita Pamodzi mu Anthropology
Kafukufuku wa anthu wakhala akusintha kuyambira pachiyambi chake ngati njira yopezera kumvetsetsa moyo wa anthu kudzera mu kulumikizana kwapafupi ndi madera omwe akuphunziridwa. M'machitidwe, maphunziro a anthu ndi ofanana ndi ntchito zakumunda, kuyang'anira ophunzira, ndi ethnography, zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kufotokozera mwakuya chikhalidwe, ubale wa anthu, ndi matanthauzo omwe ali m'madera. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, pakhala kufunikira kwakukulu kuti kafukufuku "asapange chidziwitso" komanso aperekenso phindu mwachindunji kumadera. Apa ndi pomwe njira zofufuzira za Participatory Action Research (PAR) zakhala zofunikira kwambiri mu maphunziro a anthu.
Kumvetsetsa ndi Mfundo Zoyambira za PAR
Kafukufuku Wochitapo Kanthu (PAR) ndi njira yofufuzira yomwe imaphatikiza zinthu zitatu zofunika: kutenga nawo mbali, kuchitapo kanthu, ndi kusinkhasinkha. Mosiyana ndi kafukufuku wamba, womwe umaika ofufuza ngati owonera oyamba, PAR imaika madera ngati ofufuza anzawo. Chidziwitso sichimaganiziridwa kuchokera ku maphunziro okha, komanso kuchokera ku zokumana nazo, malingaliro am'deralo, ndi machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku ammudzi.
Mwachidule, PAR imachokera pa zinthu zotsatirazi:
1. Mgwirizano wofanana: zisankho zofufuzira—kuyambira nkhani yosankhidwa, njira zosonkhanitsira deta, mpaka kutanthauzira zotsatira—zimakambidwa pamodzi.
2. Kuyang'ana pa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu: cholinga cha kafukufuku sikuti kungomvetsetsa, komanso kukonza zinthu zomwe anthu ammudzi amaziona kuti ndi zovuta.
3. Kusinthasintha: ofufuza ndi ophunzira nthawi ndi nthawi amawunika momwe zinthu zilili, ubale wa mphamvu, ndi momwe zinthu zachitikira.
4. Kubwerezabwereza: PAR nthawi zambiri imayenda mu "kukonzekera-kuchita-kuyang'ana-kusinkhasinkha", kenako imapitilira ku gawo lotsatira ndi kusintha.
Ponena za chikhalidwe cha anthu, mfundo izi zikugwirizana ndi kuganizira za emic ( malingaliro amkati ), kumvetsetsa momwe zinthu zilili, ndi makhalidwe abwino a ntchito za m'munda.
Chifukwa Chake PAR Ndi Yofunika Mu Anthropology
Anthropology nthawi zambiri imatsutsidwa chifukwa cha cholowa chake cha atsamunda: ofufuza "amatenga" deta kuchokera kumadera, amalemba mabuku kuti aphunzire, kenako amachoka popanda kupereka phindu lililonse looneka. PAR imadziwonetsa ngati yankho ku kutsutsa kumeneku. Mwa kuphatikiza madera kuyambira pachiyambi ndikuyika zosowa zawo patsogolo, kafukufuku amakhala wolondola komanso wofunikira.
Kuphatikiza apo, PAR imathandiza akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa chidziwitso cha maphunziro ndi chidziwitso cha m'deralo. Mavuto ambiri a anthu—monga mikangano yaulimi, mwayi wopeza chithandizo chamankhwala, kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kapena kuponderezedwa kwa magulu ang'onoang'ono—amafunikira mayankho omwe sangapangidwe kuchokera kunja kokha. PAR imathandiza ofufuza kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto pamene akuthandizira kusintha kutengera njira zomwe zimamveka bwino kwa anthu ammudzi.
Masitepe a PAR mu Ntchito ya Anthropology
Ngakhale kuti ndi yosinthasintha, PAR mu anthropology nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magawo otsatirawa:
1. Kumanga Ubale ndi Kudalirana
Gawo loyamba la kafukufuku si kungosonkhanitsa deta, koma kumanga ubale ndi anthu. Akatswiri a za chikhalidwe cha anthu ayenera kukhala kapena kuyanjana kwambiri ndi anthu ammudzi, kuti adziwe bwino. kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu, anthu ofunikira, ndi momwe zinthu zilili mkati. Kudalirana ndi maziko, chifukwa PAR imafuna kutseguka ndi kudzipereka kofanana.
2. Dziwani Mavuto Ofala
M'malo mopeza ofufuza omwe ali ndi mafunso ofufuza "omalizidwa", PAR imalimbikitsa njira yogwirira ntchito limodzi yopangira nkhani. Kukambirana m'magulu, kuyankhulana ndi anthu, kapena kupanga mapu a anthu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira nkhani zomwe anthu okhala m'deralo amaziona kuti ndizofunikira. Apa ndi pomwe katswiri wa za anthu amagwira ntchito ngati wotsogolera: kuthandiza kukonza vutoli kukhala lofunika kufufuza.
3. Kukonzekera Zochita
Vuto likangovomerezedwa, anthu ammudzi ndi ofufuza amapanga ndondomeko yogwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nkhaniyo ndi yocheperako mwayi wopeza madzi oyera, zochita zingaphatikizepo kuwunika magwero a madzi, kulimbikitsa maboma am'deralo, kapena kuyesa ukadaulo wosavuta woyenera mikhalidwe ya m'deralo. Ndondomeko yogwirira ntchitoyo iyenera kukhala yeniyeni, poganizira zinthu zomwe zilipo, zoopsa, komanso chithandizo cha anthu pandale.
4. Kukhazikitsa ndi Kulemba Zolemba
Gawoli limaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa zochita zomwe zavomerezedwa. Akatswiri a za anthu amalemba ndondomekoyi motsatira chikhalidwe cha anthu: momwe anthu akukhudzidwira, mikangano yomwe imabuka, njira zokambirana, ndi tanthauzo la zochita za magulu osiyanasiyana. Deta ya PAR sikutanthauza "zotsatira zomaliza" zokha komanso momwe anthu amakhalira panthawi ya kusintha kwa zinthu.
5. Kuganizira Mogwirizana
Kuganizira mozama ndiko maziko a PAR. Anthu ammudzi, pamodzi ndi ofufuza, amafufuza zomwe zinagwira ntchito, zomwe zinalephera, chifukwa chake zinachitika, ndi zomwe ziyenera kukonzedwa. Kuganiziranso kumaphatikizapo kuwunika ubale wa mphamvu—mwachitsanzo, ngati mawu a magulu ena (akazi, achinyamata, anthu ochepa) adasiyidwa pambali panthawiyi.
6. Kupitiliza ndi Kukhazikitsa Mabungwe
Pambuyo poganizira bwino, kafukufukuyu amatha kulowa munthawi yatsopano. Nthawi zina, zotsatira za PAR zimatha kukhazikitsidwa: kupanga magulu ogwira ntchito, malamulo ammudzi, mabungwe ogwirizana, mabungwe a anthu, kapena njira zowunikira anthu. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zimakhala zokhalitsa kuposa pulojekiti yofufuza ya gawo limodzi.
Njira Zosonkhanitsira Deta Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawirikawiri
PAR mu maphunziro a anthu sasiya njira zakale, koma m'malo mwake amazigwiritsa ntchito mwanjira yothandiza anthu. Njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi izi:
- Kuwona kwa ophunzira: ofufuza amatenga nawo mbali pazochitika za anthu ammudzi, komanso akutenga nawo mbali pazochitika zosinthira.
- Kuyankhulana mozama ndi mbiri ya moyo: kufufuza zomwe zachitika pa moyo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azimvetsetsana.
- Kukambirana pagulu (FGD): kupanga mavuto, kubweretsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana, ndi kugwirizana pa zochita.
– Kujambula mapu ogwirizana: kujambula malo, zinthu zomwe zilipo, zoopsa za masoka, kapena malo ofunikira pamodzi.
- Njira zojambulira zithunzi ndi zithunzi: ophunzira amalemba zenizeni zawo kudzera muzithunzi kapena makanema kuti ayambe kukambirana ndi kulimbikitsa.
– Buku lowunikira: ofufuza ndi ophunzira amalemba zochitika, malingaliro, mikangano, ndi kuphunzira.
Njira zimenezi zimathandiza kafukufuku kupanga deta yochuluka pamene akuchirikiza zolinga zogwirira ntchito.
Mavuto ndi Kutsutsa kwa PAR
Ngakhale kuti PAR ili ndi lonjezo, ili ndi mavuto ake. Choyamba, ubale wamphamvu ukupitirirabe. Ofufuza amabweretsa mwayi wopeza ndalama, mabungwe, ndi chilankhulo cha maphunziro zomwe zingayambitse kusalingana. Chachiwiri, kutenga nawo mbali kungakhale chizindikiro chabe: madera "amatenga nawo mbali," koma zisankho zikulamulidwabe ndi magulu ena, monga anthu apamwamba am'deralo kapena mabungwe opereka ndalama. Chachitatu, PAR imafuna nthawi yambiri ndi mphamvu, pomwe nthawi zambiri maphunziro amaletsedwa ndi nthawi yomaliza yophunzirira kapena ndalama.
Vuto lina ndi nkhani za makhalidwe abwino ndi zoopsa zandale. Ngati kafukufuku akukhudza nkhani zovuta monga mikangano ya nthaka kapena ufulu wa anthu ochepa, zochita zomwe zingachitike zingayambitse kukakamizidwa ndi akuluakulu aboma. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe ayenera kuganizira za chitetezo cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali, chinsinsi cha deta, ndi njira zolimbikitsira zomwe sizivulaza anthu ammudzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, m'dziko la maphunziro, PAR nthawi zina imakayikiridwa pankhani ya "kusankha bwino" ndi "kuvomerezeka." Komabe, maphunziro a anthu amakono akuzindikira kuti chidziwitso nthawi zonse chimabadwira mu ubale wa anthu. Muyeso wa khalidwe la PAR sikuti ndi kusakhala mbali imodzi, koma ndi kuwonekera bwino kwa ndondomekoyi, kuzama kwa kusinkhasinkha, ndi kufunika kwa ophunzira.
Kutseka
Njira zofufuzira zochita (PAR) zimapereka njira yoti anthropology ikhale gawo lomwe silimangotanthauzira dziko la anthu komanso limachita zinthu zomwe anthu amafuna. Mwa kuyika madera ngati ogwirizana ofanana, PAR imalimbitsa mbali ya makhalidwe abwino, imawonjezera deta ya mafuko, ndikuwonjezera zotsatira za kafukufuku kupitirira malo ophunzirira. Ngakhale kuti nthawi imafuna nthawi, luso lothandizira, komanso kuzindikira maubwenzi amphamvu, PAR imapereka mwayi waukulu wopanga chidziwitso chofanana, chogwirizana ndi zochitika, komanso chothandiza. Munthawi yomwe madera ambiri akukumana ndi kusalingana, mavuto azachilengedwe, komanso kusintha kwachangu kwa anthu, PAR ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yosungira anthropology kukhala yofunikira komanso yodalirika.
