Maphunziro a Anthropological pa Chakudya ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Chakudya si chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa moyo. Mu maphunziro a anthu, chakudya chimamveka ngati chinthu cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chokhala ndi tanthauzo lochuluka: chimapanga umunthu, chimasiyanitsa maudindo, chimalamulira ubale wa mphamvu, komanso chimamangirira madera. Momwe anthu amasankhira, kukonzekera, kutumikira, ndi kudya chakudya pamodzi ndi "chilankhulo" chomwe chimalankhula za makhalidwe, miyambo, ndi mbiri ya gulu. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira chakudya ndi kudya kumapereka njira yothandiza yomvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Chakudya monga njira yachikhalidwe
Anthropology imaona chakudya ngati gawo la chikhalidwe. Chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi "chokoma," "choyenera," "chosaloledwa," "chathanzi," kapena "chonyansa" si chisankho cha munthu payekha, koma chimapangidwa ndi zizolowezi za anthu onse komanso njira zolumikizirana. Kuyambira ali mwana, anthu amaphunzira zokonda kudzera m'banja, malo ozungulira, ndi mabungwe a anthu. Kumalo ena, tizilombo timaonedwa ngati chakudya chopatsa thanzi; kwina, timaonedwa kuti ndi choletsedwa. Kusiyana kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti zokonda ndi zomwe amakonda sizopanda tsankho—ndizochokera m'mbiri, zachilengedwe, chipembedzo, zachuma, ndi kuyanjana kwa magulu.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Indonesia, chizolowezi chodya ndi manja anu, kugwiritsa ntchito msuzi wa chili, ndi kulamulira mpunga ngati chakudya chofunikira si nkhani yongogwira ntchito chabe, koma zimagwirizana ndi zizolowezi zobadwa nazo, mikhalidwe yaulimi, komanso kupanga chizindikiritso chomwe "mudadya mutadya mpunga." Pankhaniyi, chakudya chimakhala chizindikiro cha dongosolo la moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Kugawa magulu, zoletsa, ndi malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito
Chimodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi momwe anthu amagawa chakudya m'magulu. Magulu amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magawo monga halal (yololedwa) ndi haram (yoletsedwa), yotentha (yotentha ndi yozizira), yoyera (yodetsedwa), kapena "chakudya cha olemera" ndi "chakudya cha osauka." Magulu ambiri ali ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza kudya: nthawi yomwe munthu angadye, ndi ndani, ndi ziwalo ziti za nyama zomwe zingadyedwe, kapena ndani ali ndi ufulu wolandira gawo linalake.
Zoletsa zakudya nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, thanzi, kapena chizindikiro. Mwachitsanzo, zoletsa za amayi apakati nthawi zambiri zimamveka ngati njira yoti madera azithana ndi zoopsa za mimba kudzera mu chidziwitso cha m'deralo. Anthropology sifulumira kuweruza ngati ali olondola kapena olakwika pazachipatala, koma m'malo mwake imafufuza ntchito yawo pagulu: ngati zoletsa zimalimbitsa mgwirizano wabanja, zimawonjezera ulamuliro wa anthu, kapena zimawongolera kugawa kwa zinthu.
Malamulo odyera angasonyezenso momwe anthu amakhalira . Nthawi zina, alendo amapatsidwa chakudya chabwino kwambiri, kapena akuluakulu amapatsidwa malo oyamba ngati chizindikiro cha ulemu. Kudya pamodzi sikungokhudza kugawana chakudya, komanso kukhazikitsa ndi kutsimikizira ulamuliro ndi ubwenzi.
Chakudya, umunthu ndi kukumbukira pamodzi
Chakudya chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi umunthu. Munthu akhoza kufotokoza komwe adachokera kudzera m'zakudya zina: mwachitsanzo, rendang, pempek, papeda, kapena gudeg, nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati zizindikiro za dera ndi fuko. Pamlingo waumwini, chakudya chimasunga kukumbukira: fungo la kuphika kunyumba lingayambitse kukumbukira za banja, kwawo, kapena nthawi zamwambo. Chifukwa chake, anthu akasamukira, nthawi zambiri amafuna kubwereza zakudya zawo zapakhomo ngati njira yosungira umunthu wawo pamalo awo atsopano.
M'madera a anthu ochokera kunja kwa dziko, chakudya chimakhala njira yokambirana za kudziwika: maphikidwe amasinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi kupezeka kwa zosakaniza, miyambo yakomweko, kapena zokonda za mibadwo yachinyamata. Njira yopangira "kusakanizidwa" kwachikhalidwe imachitika—chakudya chomwe chimawoneka chachikhalidwe kwenikweni chimakhala chifukwa cha kusonkhana kwa zinthu zambiri.
Kupanga, kugawa, ndi ubale wa mphamvu
Kuphunzira za chakudya sikungothera pa chakudya chamadzulo; kumakhudzanso njira zopangira ndi kugawa. Anthropology ya zachuma imafufuza momwe kupeza chakudya kumakhudzira magulu, umwini wa malo, mfundo za boma, misika, ndi makampani. Mtengo wa zakudya zofunika kwambiri, njira zotumizira kunja, ndi ma monopolies ogawa zimatha kudziwa zomwe zilipo komanso zomwe anthu angakwanitse kugula.
Ubale wamphamvu umaonekeranso m'nkhani za "chakudya chopatsa thanzi" kapena "chakudya chamakono." Pamene miyezo ina ya zakudya ikukwezedwa kudzera m'makampeni akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri mikangano imayamba pakati pa chidziwitso cha m'deralo ndi chidziwitso cha sayansi chokhazikika. Kafukufuku wofufuza za anthu amafunsa kuti: ndani amapindula ndi zokambirana zina? Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimagulitsidwa? Ndi magulu ati omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi "osatukuka" chifukwa cha zizolowezi zawo zosiyanasiyana za zakudya?
Kudya, udindo, ndi moyo
Chakudya ndi chizindikiro cha udindo wa anthu. Malo odyera apamwamba, khofi wapadera, zakudya zina, kapena zosakaniza zochokera kunja zimatha kusonyeza anthu apakati m'mizinda. Kudya sikungokhala chifukwa cha kufunika kokha, komanso chithunzi. M'malo okhala m'mizinda, anthu amaika zithunzi za chakudya pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti osati kungogawana koma kuwonetsa zomwe amakonda, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndi moyo wawo. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amaona izi ngati njira yodziwonetsera okha komanso kupanga tanthauzo m'magulu a ogula.
Kumbali ina, chakudya chotsika mtengo cha m'misewu nthawi zambiri chimapereka mpata woti anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana azichita zinthu mogwirizana, koma chinganenedwenso kuti ndi "chosautsa kwambiri." Kusiyana pakati pa "chotsika mtengo komanso chotsika mtengo" ndi "choyera komanso chamakono" kumasonyeza momwe miyezo ya ukhondo ndi ulemu nthawi zambiri imagwirizanirana ndi magulu a anthu.
Miyambo, zikondwerero ndi mgwirizano wa anthu
M'zikhalidwe zambiri, chakudya chimapezeka m'miyambo: kuyamika, maphwando, maukwati, maliro, ndi zikondwerero zachipembedzo. Chakudya chimagwira ntchito ngati njira yolankhulirana ndi zinthu zopatulika komanso ngati njira yolimbikitsira mgwirizano. Kupereka, kulandira, ndi kugawana chakudya kumapanga mgwirizano wa maudindo a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mwambo wogawana chakudya pa maholide ofunikira umalimbikitsa mfundo za mgwirizano ndi chisamaliro.
Anthropology ikugogomezera kuti kuphika mwamwambo kumaphatikizaponso kugawa ntchito komwe kumawonetsa dongosolo la anthu. Ndani amaphika? Ndani amapha? Ndani amatumikira? Udindo wa jenda, zaka, ndi ulamuliro ndi woonekera bwino pano. Khitchini ikhoza kukhala malo opangira chikhalidwe: maphikidwe amaperekedwa, makhalidwe abwino amaphunzitsidwa, ndipo umunthu umapangidwa.
Kuchulukana kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi, mafakitale azakudya, ndi kusintha kwa zokonda
Kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kumathandizira kuyanjana kwa chikhalidwe cha chakudya. Maunyolo a zakudya zofulumira, zinthu zogulira mwachangu, ndi njira zamakono zoyendetsera zinthu zimakhudza momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito zakudya m'madera osiyanasiyana. Kusinthaku nthawi zambiri kumamveka ngati "kusintha kwa zinthu," koma akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amakuona ngati kovuta kwambiri: kukana, kusintha, ndi luso. Chakudya chofulumira chimavomerezedwa chifukwa cha kusavuta kwake, komanso chimapangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana kudzera m'mamenyu okonzedwa kuti agwirizane ndi zokonda zakomweko.
Kukula kwa mafakitale azakudya kumabweretsa zotsatira zina: kusinthasintha kwa kukoma, kudalira zinthu zina, ndi mavuto azaumoyo monga kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda a kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi. Kafukufuku wa anthu azachipatala amafufuza momwe anthu amatanthauzira matenda, zakudya, ndi thupi m'chikhalidwe. Mkangano pakati pa "chakudya chachikhalidwe" ndi "chakudya chamakono" nthawi zambiri sumangokhala wokhudza zakudya zokha, koma wokhudza makhalidwe abwino, kudziletsa, ndi makhalidwe abwino a m'banja.
Makhalidwe abwino, kukhazikika ndi tsogolo la kugwiritsa ntchito
Nkhani zokhudza makhalidwe abwino n’zofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro okhudza thanzi la nyama, kuwononga mpweya, kuwononga chakudya, ndi chilungamo kwa alimi ndi ogwira ntchito yopereka zinthu. Anthropology ya zachilengedwe ikuwonetsa momwe vuto la nyengo ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe zimakhudzira machitidwe azakudya. Pamene chuma chikuchepa, anthu ammudzi amapanga njira zosinthira: kusinthasintha kwa chakudya, ulimi wakomweko, kapena kayendetsedwe ka "kubwerera ku zakudya zachikhalidwe".
Komabe, khama lolimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa zinthu liyeneranso kukhala loganizira kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kulimbikitsa njira zina zodyera popanda kuganizira za mwayi wopeza ndalama kungapangitse kuti pakhale kusalingana. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro a anthu akugogomezera kufunika komvetsetsa zizolowezi zodyera monga miyambo yokhazikika pazochitika zenizeni, osati zokonda za munthu.
Kutseka
Kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa chakudya ndi kumwa akuwonetsa kuti kudya ndi chikhalidwe komanso ndale. Kuyambira kukhitchini yapakhomo mpaka kumsika wapadziko lonse lapansi, chakudya chimafotokoza nkhani za kudziwika, mphamvu, mgwirizano, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwa kuphunzira zomwe zimadyedwa, momwe zimapangidwira, komanso momwe zimakambidwira, maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu amatithandiza kumvetsetsa madera mozama. Pomaliza pake, chakudya chimatikumbutsa kuti zosowa za anthu nthawi zonse zimakwaniritsidwa kudzera mu chikhalidwe—ndipo pamenepo pali tanthauzo lake lofunika.
