Tanthauzo mu Chilankhulo ndi Chikhalidwe
Tanthauzo ndi lofunika kwambiri pa chilankhulo. Munthu akamalankhula, kulemba, kapena kungosonyeza chizindikiro kudzera m'machitidwe, zomwe zikuchitika sizimangotanthauza kusinthana mawu kapena mawu angapo, koma kusinthana tanthauzo. Komabe, tanthauzo silimangokhala lokha. Nthawi zonse limalumikizidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika, zomwe zachitika, mfundo, ndi miyambo ya anthu ammudzi. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la chilankhulo sikungalekanitsidwe ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimazungulira. Chilankhulo ndi "chotengera" chomwe chimasunga malingaliro a anthu ammudzi, pomwe chikhalidwe chimagwira ntchito ngati "mapu" omwe amatsogolera momwe chilankhulocho chimagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso kutanthauziridwa.
Tanthauzo ngati lingaliro losinthasintha
Mu maphunziro a zilankhulo , tanthauzo nthawi zambiri limamveka ngati ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe (mawu/chiganizo) ndi lingaliro lake kapena choyimira chake. Komabe, muzochita za tsiku ndi tsiku zolankhulirana, tanthauzo limakhala losinthasintha kwambiri kuposa matanthauzidwe a dikishonale. Liwu lomwelo likhoza kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kutengera amene amalilankhula, kwa ndani, liti, kuti, komanso cholinga chiti. Ndipotu, kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kusankha mawu kungasinthe kwambiri uthengawo.
Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "baik" m'Chiindonesia angatanthauze "wabwino," "wathanzi," "ndikugwirizana," kapena kungotseka zokambirana. "baik" yosalala ingatanthauze "Ndikumvetsa" kapena "Sindikufuna kupitirira." Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, "baik!" yokweza mawu ingatanthauze kugwirizana mwachidwi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti tanthauzo silili chifukwa cha malamulo a galamala okha komanso chifukwa cha kutanthauzira kwa anthu.
Tanthauzo ndi tanthauzo la chilankhulo
Tanthauzo lili ndi zigawo. Zigawo zomwe zimakambidwa kwambiri ndi zofotokozera ndi tanthauzo. Zofotokozera ndi tanthauzo loyambira, lopanda tsankho—tanthauzo lomwe nthawi zambiri limalembedwa mu dikishonale. Komano, zofotokozera ndi tanthauzo lina lowonjezera lomwe limachokera ku mayanjano, malingaliro, ndi zokumana nazo zachikhalidwe.
Mwachitsanzo, tenga mawu oti "nyumba." Mwachidule, nyumba ndi nyumba yokhalamo. Komabe, mwachidule, ingatanthauze "kutentha," "banja," "chitetezo," kapena "kuyambira." M'zikhalidwe zina, "kubwerera kunyumba" sikungotanthauza kubwerera kunyumba kokha, komanso kubwerera ku umunthu wanu, maudindo anu, ndi ubale wanu ndi anthu. Tanthauzo limeneli nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo mabuku olemera, malonda, ndi nkhani za anthu onse, komanso limapangitsa kuti anthu azimvana pamene anthu ochokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana amatanthauzira mawu omwewo mosiyana.
Nkhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu: chifukwa chake tanthauzo nthawi zambiri limakhala "losamveka"
Mu kulankhulana, tanthauzo lalikulu siliperekedwa mwachindunji. Chikhalidwe chimasankha kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amadalira matanthauzo osamveka bwino komanso mpaka pati. M'madera omwe amagogomezera ulemu ndi mgwirizano, anthu amakonda kusankha kulankhula mosalunjika kuti apewe mikangano. Mawu olankhulidwa angamveke osavuta, koma tanthauzo lenileni lili kumbuyo kwa manja.
Mwachitsanzo, munthu akanena kuti, "Ndiganizira," mawuwa angatanthauze kuti adzaganiziradi, koma m'malo ena, angatanthauzenso kukana pang'ono. Mofananamo, mawu akuti "Palibe chifukwa," angatanthauze kuti n'kosafunikira konse, kapena angatanthauze kuti "kuli bwino ngati mukuperekabe," kutengera momwe zinthu zilili komanso miyambo yachikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa chilankhulo kumafuna kuzindikira miyambo yolumikizirana ndi anthu.
Tanthauzo ndi phindu la chikhalidwe : mfundo zomwe sizigwirizana nthawi zonse
Chikhalidwe chimapanga magulu ofunikira m'maganizo mwa munthu. Si malingaliro onse omwe ali ndi zofanana zofanana m'chilankhulo chilichonse. Mawu ena amaoneka osavuta, koma ali ndi katundu wofunika wa chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la "malu" m'Chiindonesia nthawi zambiri limagwirizanitsidwa ndi miyambo ya anthu , ziweruzo za ena, ndi kudzilemekeza. Pakugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, "malu" lingatanthauze kusasangalala, kusasangalala, kudziona kuti ndi wosafunika, kapena kusunga ulemu.
Mofananamo, mawu oti "ulemu" sakutanthauza khalidwe lachikhalidwe lokha, komanso kalankhulidwe, kusankha malo olankhulira, kavalidwe, ndi ulemu kwa anthu. Pamene mawu ali ndi tanthauzo la chikhalidwe, tanthauzo lake limakhala loposa tanthauzo chabe—limakhala chitsogozo cha khalidwe. Izi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake kumasulira kwa zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri kumafuna kufotokozera kwakutali, chifukwa chomwe chikusamutsidwa si mawu okha, komanso dziko la tanthauzo lake.
Machitidwe a moni ndi maudindo: tanthauzo posankha mawu
Mbali imodzi yomwe ubale pakati pa chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe umaonekera bwino ndi njira yolankhulirana. Mu Chiindoneziya, anthu amasankha "inu," "inu," "bwana/ibu," "mas/mbak," "kak/adik," kapena amagwiritsa ntchito mayina monga "Pak Dokter" kapena "Bu Guru." Zosankhazi sizimangosonyeza galamala; zimasonyeza ubale wa anthu: zaka, udindo, kuyandikira, ulemu, ndi zochitika zovomerezeka kapena zosavomerezeka.
Zikhalidwe zomwe zimagogomezera ulemu kwa akuluakulu kapena anthu apamwamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi moni wosiyanasiyana. Matanthauzo awo pagulu ndi amphamvu: kusankha moni wolakwika kungaoneke ngati mwano, wodziwika bwino, kapena wotalikirana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa matanthauzo a chilankhulo kumatanthauzanso kumvetsetsa "malamulo osalembedwa" a chikhalidwe.
Miyambi, mafanizo, ndi zizindikiro za chikhalidwe
Matanthauzo a chikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa m'miyambi, ziganizo, ndi mafanizo. Mawu akuti "wamkulu kuposa msomali" samangotanthauza lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuposa ndalama, komanso amatanthauza lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha moyo wosawononga ndalama komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Ma fanizo monga "scapegoat" kapena "talkie" ali ndi zithunzi zophiphiritsira zomwe zimagawidwa m'dera.
Mafanizo amavumbulanso momwe chikhalidwe chimamvetsetsera dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, zilankhulo zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mafanizo a malo pofotokoza nthawi (kutsogolo-kumbuyo, yayitali-yaifupi), kapena mafanizo a kukoma pofotokoza zochitika zamaganizo (zowawa-zokoma). Mafanizo awa amaoneka achibadwa kwa olankhula kwawo chifukwa ndi gawo la chizolowezi chawo choganiza. Komabe, kwa anthu akunja, mafanizo amatha kukhala osokoneza ngati atatengedwa m'njira yeniyeni.
Kusintha kwa matanthauzo: mphamvu ya nthawi ndi ukadaulo
Tanthauzo silikhala lokhazikika; limasintha ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Mawu omwe kale anali osalowerera ndale amatha kukhala omveka, ndipo mosiyana. Kukula kwa ukadaulo kumabweretsanso matanthauzo atsopano. Mawu akuti "akaunti," "kweza," "nkhani," "viral," kapena "gas" mu slang ya digito akuwonetsa momwe chilankhulo chimasinthira ku zosowa za kulumikizana kwamakono.
Kusintha kwa tanthauzo kumaonekeranso mu kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu tsiku ndi tsiku. Mawu ena amakumana ndi kufalikira kwa tanthauzo (kukhala lachindunji), kuchepa kwa tanthauzo (kukhala lachindunji), kapena kusintha kwa mtengo wodziwika (kuchokera ku zabwino kupita ku zoipa kapena mosemphanitsa). Apa ndi pomwe chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino , zoulutsira nkhani, ndi magulu a pa intaneti amakhala "injini" zomwe zimathandizira kusintha kwa tanthauzo. Zotsatira zake, mbadwo umodzi ukhoza kukhala ndi tanthauzo losiyana la liwu lomwelo kuposa lina.
Tanthauzo, umunthu, ndi mphamvu
Chilankhulo si njira yolankhulirana yokha , komanso chizindikiro cha umunthu. Chilankhulo, kusankha mawu, ndi kalembedwe ka kalankhulidwe zimatha kusonyeza komwe chinenerocho chinachokera, gulu la anthu, maphunziro, kapena kugwirizana ndi gulu. Chifukwa chake, tanthauzo m'chilankhulo limagwirizananso ndi ubale wa mphamvu: ndani amaonedwa kuti ndi "woyenera," ndani amaonedwa kuti ndi "wamwano," komanso ndani ali ndi ulamuliro wokhazikitsa miyezo.
Nthawi zambiri, chilankhulo chodziwika bwino chimaonedwa ngati cholemekezeka kuposa mitundu ya m'madera kapena yosavomerezeka. Komabe, mtundu uliwonse uli ndi ntchito yake yachikhalidwe komanso phindu lake. Ngati mtundu wa chilankhulo umaonedwa kuti ndi wotsika, nthawi zambiri umawononga osati njira yolankhulira yokha komanso gulu la olankhula. Chifukwa chake, kukambirana tanthauzo la chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe kumatanthauzanso kuzindikira magawo a chikhalidwe ndi ndale a machitidwe a chilankhulo.
Mapeto
Tanthauzo m'chinenero ndi chikhalidwe ndi lamoyo, logawidwa, komanso lokhudzidwa ndi nkhani. Mawu samangotanthauza zinthu kapena zochita zokha, komanso amasonyeza makhalidwe abwino, malingaliro, ubale wa anthu, ndi malingaliro a anthu. Chikhalidwe chimapereka njira yotanthauzira mawu—kuchokera ku matanthauzo osavuta ofotokozera mpaka matanthauzo ogwirizana obisika m'miyambo, mafanizo, ndi miyambo yaulemu.
Mwa kumvetsetsa ubale wapakati pa chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe, timakhala ozindikira kwambiri pakulankhulana kwathu, timasamala kwambiri pomasulira zomwe ena akunena, komanso timatseguka kwambiri ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira zomwe anthu amapangira tanthauzo padziko lapansi. Pomaliza, kuphunzira tanthauzo sikungokhudza kuphunzira mawu okha, komanso kuphunzira anthu ndi zikhalidwe zawo.
