Chilankhulo monga Dongosolo Lophiphiritsira
Chilankhulo ndi chimodzi mwa luso lodziwika bwino la anthu. Kudzera mu chilankhulo, anthu amatha kufotokoza malingaliro, kumanga ubale ndi anthu, kupereka chidziwitso, ndikukulitsa chikhalidwe kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo. Komabe, chilankhulo sichingokhala mawu olankhulidwa kapena olembedwa. Chilankhulo chimagwira ntchito ngati njira yophiphiritsira: njira ya zizindikiro zomwe zimayimira chinthu chakunja, zomwe zimagawidwa ndi anthu ammudzi, ndipo zimayendetsedwa ndi malamulo ena. Kumvetsetsa chilankhulo ngati njira yophiphiritsira kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake chilankhulo chili chogwira ntchito, chifukwa chake chingayambitse kusamvetsetsana, komanso chifukwa chake chilankhulo chimasintha nthawi zonse ndi momwe anthu amakhalira.
1. Kumvetsetsa zizindikiro ndi ubale wawo ndi chilankhulo
Chizindikiro ndi chinthu chomwe chimayimira china chake. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, timadziwa bwino zizindikiro: kuwala kofiira kumatanthauza kuyima, mtima umasonyeza chikondi, kapena mbendera imasonyeza kudziwika kwa dziko. Zizindikiro zimakhala ndi tanthauzo chifukwa pali mgwirizano wa anthu womwe umapangitsa anthu kuzimvetsa mwanjira yofanana.
Mu chilankhulo, zizindikiro zazikulu ndi mawu (onse mawu ndi olembedwa). Mwachitsanzo, mawu otsatizana /a-air/ kapena mawu olembedwa akuti “madzi” akuyimira lingaliro la madzi oyera omwe timamwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse. Mawuwo pawokha si madzi; ndi chizindikiro chabe. Chimene mawuwa amatanthauza ndi lingaliro kapena chinthu chenicheni. Ichi ndiye tanthauzo la chilankhulo monga chizindikiro: ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe a chilankhulo ndi tanthauzo ndi woyimira, osati wofanana.
2. Zosamveka: chifukwa chake zizindikiro za chilankhulo si "zachilengedwe"
Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri m'chinenero ndi chibadwa chawo chosasinthika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe mgwirizano wachibadwa pakati pa mawonekedwe a mawu ndi tanthauzo linalake. Nchifukwa chiyani madzi omwe timamwa amatchedwa "mpweya" mu Chiindoneziya, "madzi" mu Chingerezi, ndi "eau" mu Chifalansa? Palibe chifukwa chachilengedwe chomwe chimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wolondola kwambiri; zonsezi zimachokera ku mgwirizano wakale mkati mwa gulu la olankhula.
Chikhalidwe ichi chosasinthika chili ndi zotsatira ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba, chilankhulo chingakhale chosiyana kwambiri. Gulu lililonse limatha kupanga zizindikiro zake. Chachiwiri, chilankhulo chingasinthe: ngati gulu livomereza kusintha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka liwu linalake, chizindikiro chimenecho chingasinthe tanthauzo kapena mawonekedwe. Komabe, si zinthu zonse za chilankhulo zomwe zimakhala zosasinthika kwathunthu. Palinso zinthu zodziwika bwino (zofanana) kapena zosadziwika bwino, monga "cuckoo," "meong," kapena "kring," ngakhale izi zimakhudzidwabe ndi miyambo ya chilankhulo chilichonse.
3. Chilankhulo monga dongosolo: pali malamulo ndi ubale pakati pa zinthu
Chilankhulo chimatchedwa dongosolo la zizindikiro chifukwa zizindikiro zake sizimangoima zokha. Zili ndi kapangidwe ndi malamulo omwe amalamulira momwe zizindikiro zimakonzedwera kuti zipange tanthauzo. Malamulo awa amakhudza magawo angapo.
Choyamba ndi phonology, njira yolankhulirana ya chilankhulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chiindoneziya, mawu /ng/ amatha kuwonekera kumapeto kwa mawu monga "kambing," pomwe m'zilankhulo zina pali zoletsa zosiyanasiyana. Mawu si mawu okha; ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimasiyanitsa tanthauzo. "Batu" ali ndi tanthauzo losiyana ndi "baku" chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mawu kumodzi.
Chachiwiri ndi mawonekedwe a mawu, momwe mawu amapangidwira. Chiindoneziya chimagwiritsa ntchito ma affixes kupanga matanthauzo atsopano, monga "tulis" kukhala "menulis," "tulisan," kapena "penulisan." Ma affixes ndi zizindikiro zina zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso, mwachitsanzo, chokhudza wochita sewero, njira, kapena zotsatira zake.
Chachitatu ndi kalembedwe ka mawu, malamulo okonzera mawu m'ziganizo. "Ndimadya mpunga" ndi osiyana ndi "Mpunga umandidya" chifukwa dongosolo limakhudza tanthauzo. Kalembedwe ka mawu kamalola zizindikiro zazing'ono (mawu) kupanga zizindikiro zazikulu (ziganizo) zokhala ndi matanthauzo ovuta kwambiri.
Chachinayi ndi tanthauzo la mawu (tanthauzo) ndi tanthauzo la mawu (pragmatics) (tanthauzo m'nkhani). Mwachidule, chiganizo chingakhale chomveka bwino, koma mwachidule, chingakhale ndi tanthauzo losiyana. Chiganizo chakuti "Kuli kotentha kwambiri kuno" chingakhale chidziwitso, kapena chingakhale pempho losalunjika loti atsegule zenera.
4. Tanthauzo limachokera ku miyambo ya anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo.
Popeza chilankhulo ndi dongosolo la zizindikiro zomwe anthu amavomerezana, tanthauzo lake limagwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo ya anthu. Mawu akuti "inu" ndi "yanu" onse amatanthauza munthu amene mukulankhula naye, koma matanthauzo awo a chikhalidwe amasiyana: "inu" amamveka bwino komanso aulemu. M'madera osiyanasiyana kapena m'madera osiyanasiyana, kusankha mawu kungasonyeze kuyandikirana, udindo, kapena ngakhale khalidwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, chilankhulo chimapangidwa ndi chikhalidwe. Zizindikiro zambiri za chilankhulo zimaphatikizapo zomwe anthu amakumana nazo. Mwachitsanzo, mawu achibale m'Chiindonesia (osamveka bwino, azakhali, mchimwene wamkulu, mng'ono wake) amasonyeza kufunika kwa ubale wa m'banja. M'malo ena, chilankhulo chingakhale ndi mawu ambiri apadera m'magawo enaake, monga ulimi, mawu apanyanja, kapena ukadaulo, ogwirizana ndi zosowa za olankhula.
5. Zizindikiro za chilankhulo ndi kusamvetsetsana komwe kungachitike
Popeza zizindikiro za chilankhulo zimakhala zosasinthika ndipo zimadalira mwambo, kusamvetsetsana kungabuke mosavuta ngati miyamboyo sikugwirizana kapena nkhaniyo ndi yosiyana. Liwu limodzi likhoza kukhala ndi matanthauzo angapo (polysemy). Liwu lakuti "mutu" lingatanthauze chiwalo cha thupi, mtsogoleri ("mkulu wa sukulu"), kapena kutsogolo kwa chinthu ("mutu wa kalata"). Popanda nkhani, chizindikirocho chingakhale chosamveka bwino.
Kusamvetsetsana kumabweranso chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi zomwe munthu wakumana nazo. Chiganizo chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi chachilendo m'gulu lina chingaonedwe ngati chamwano kapena chopanda ulemu m'gulu lina. Mukulankhulana kwa digito, vutoli limachulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kusawoneka bwino kwa mawu ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope. Chifukwa chake, anthu nthawi zambiri amawonjezera zizindikiro, mawu enaake, kapena zomata kuti zithandize kusonyeza kusiyana. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zizindikiro za chilankhulo sizimangopereka chidziwitso chokha komanso malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi ubale.
6. Chilankhulo ngati njira yopangira zinthu komanso yolenga zizindikiro
Ubwino wa chilankhulo monga dongosolo la zizindikiro ndi chibadwa chake chopindulitsa. Anthu amatha kupanga ziganizo zatsopano zomwe sizinalankhulidwepo kale, komabe zimamvekabe. Tikhoza kunena kuti, "Mawa ndidzawerenga buku lomwe ndangogula kumene ku sitolo pafupi ndi nyumba yanga," ndipo ena adzamvetsa chifukwa timagawana dongosolo lomwelo la zizindikiro ndi malamulo.
Kuchita bwino kumeneku kumalola kubadwa kwa luso: ndakatulo, mabuku, nthabwala, mawu ofotokozera, ndi mafanizo. Fanizo lokha ndi umboni wakuti chilankhulo chimaposa tanthauzo lenileni. Mawu akuti "nthawi ndi ndalama" sakutanthauza kuti nthawi ndi ndalama zenizeni, koma chizindikiro chosonyeza kuti nthawi ili ndi phindu ndipo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru.
7. Kusintha kwa chilankhulo: zizindikiro nthawi zonse zimayenda
Monga dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu, chilankhulo chikusintha nthawi zonse. Matanthauzo a mawu amatha kusintha. Mawu oti "virus," omwe kale ankagwirizanitsidwa ndi biology, tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zomwe zimafalikira kwambiri pa intaneti. Mawu atsopano amatuluka, akale amatha, ndipo mitundu ya zilankhulo imasintha ndi ukadaulo ndi njira zolankhulirana.
Kusintha kumeneku kukusonyeza kuti zizindikiro za chilankhulo zimakhala mkati mwa anthu. Pamene moyo ukusintha, chilankhulo chimasintha kuti chikhalebe chokhoza kuyimira zenizeni zatsopano. Mawu monga "kukweza," "masewera," "selfie," kapena "kulimba mtima" ndi zitsanzo za kuyesetsa kwa chilankhulo kupanga zizindikiro zatsopano kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za nthawiyo.
Kutseka
Kuona chilankhulo ngati njira yophiphiritsira kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa kuti chilankhulo ndi zotsatira za miyambo yovuta ya chikhalidwe. Mawu ndi ziganizo sizimangotsatira mawu kapena zilembo zokha, koma zizindikiro zomwe zimayimira malingaliro, zinthu, malingaliro, ndi ubale pakati pa anthu. Chilankhulo chimagwira ntchito chifukwa chili ndi malamulo, chifukwa chimagawidwa, komanso chifukwa nthawi zonse chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe a chilankhulo amachipangitsa kukhala chosinthasintha, cholenga, komanso chosinthasintha nthawi zonse. Mwa kumvetsetsa gawo lophiphiritsira ili, titha kulankhulana bwino, kukhala osamala kwambiri ndi zomwe zikuchitika, ndikuyamikira bwino kusiyana kwa zilankhulo monga chiwonetsero cha kusiyana kwa anthu.
