Anthropology yachipembedzo ndi kuphunzira mwambo
Pendauluan
Anthropology ya chipembedzo ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imafufuza makamaka zikhulupiriro, machitidwe, ndi mabungwe achipembedzo m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga cha maphunzirowa ndikumvetsetsa tanthauzo ndi ntchito ya miyambo, nthano, ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo. Anthropology yachipembedzo imawona chipembedzo osati ngati chinthu chauzimu chokha komanso ngati chochitika cha anthu chomwe chimakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa munthu.
Mwambo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kafukufuku wa chipembedzo cha anthu. Miyambo ikhoza kukhala zochita zobwerezabwereza ndi zolinga zinazake ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika zofunika pa moyo wa munthu kapena gulu, monga kubadwa, ukwati, ndi imfa. Kuphunzira miyambo kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa njira zomwe anthu ndi magulu amagwirira ntchito ndi dziko lauzimu komanso momwe miyambo ingapangire kudziwika kwa anthu ammudzi ndi mgwirizano.
Tanthauzo la Anthropology ya Zipembedzo
Anthropology ya chipembedzo ndi kuphunzira momwe zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe achipembedzo amakhalira komanso momwe zimakhudzidwira ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ikuphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana ndi njira zomvetsetsa tanthauzo la chipembedzo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Anthropology yachipembedzo siimangofufuza zipembedzo zazikulu monga Chikhristu, Chisilamu, Chihindu, ndi Chibuda, komanso zipembedzo zachikhalidwe ndi madera ang'onoang'ono, osadziwika bwino.
Akatswiri a zachipembedzo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwika bwino monga ethnography kuti aone ndikulemba makhalidwe achipembedzo. Angakhale m'dera linalake kwa nthawi yayitali, kuphunzira chilankhulocho, ndikuchita mafunso ozama ndi anthu ammudzi. Deta iyi imasanthulidwa kuti ipeze mitu yokhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe achipembedzo.
Lingaliro ndi Ntchito ya Miyambo
Miyambo ndi zochita zobwerezabwereza zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi dongosolo lokhazikika. Zochita izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsira ndipo cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa zotsatira zake, kaya zauzimu, zachikhalidwe, kapena zamaganizo. Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu cha chipembedzo, miyambo nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati zida zolumikizira ubale pakati pa anthu ndi mphamvu zauzimu.
Victor Turner, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa za anthu, anati miyambo ndi “zochitika zachikhalidwe zokonzedwa bwino,” kutanthauza kuti ili ndi ndondomeko yomveka bwino komanso yodziwikiratu. Miyambo imeneyi nthawi zambiri imatsagana ndi zizindikiro zomwe zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa ophunzirawo. Turner adayambitsanso lingaliro la “kuchepa” mu miyambo, gawo losinthira mkati mwa mwambo womwe umalola anthu kusintha kuchoka pa udindo wina kupita ku wina.
Clifford Geertz, katswiri wina wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu, anagogomezera kufunika kwa chikhalidwe pomvetsetsa miyambo. Anati miyambo ndi "chitsanzo cha" (chitsanzo cha dziko) komanso "chitsanzo cha" (chithunzi cha dziko). Izi zikutanthauza kuti miyambo siimangosonyeza zenizeni komanso imapanga momwe ophunzira amaonera dziko lozungulira iwo.
Gulu la Mwambo
Miyambo ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu kutengera zofunikira zosiyanasiyana, monga cholinga, mawonekedwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nazi magulu ena ofala mu phunziro la miyambo:
1. Miyambo Yokhudza Kupita Patsogolo: Miyambo imeneyi imasonyeza kusintha kwa munthu kuchoka pa gawo lina la moyo kupita ku lina. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo miyambo yoyambirira, maukwati, ndi maliro.
2. Miyambo Yogwirizana: Miyambo imeneyi imalimbitsa ubale wa anthu ndi kudziwika kwa gulu. Zitsanzo zake ndi monga miyambo yachipembedzo ya mlungu uliwonse kapena zikondwerero zapachaka.
3. Miyambo Yokhudza Mavuto: Miyambo imeneyi imachitika pakakhala mavuto kapena kusatsimikizika pofuna thandizo lauzimu kapena kuti zinthu zikhazikike bwino. Zitsanzo zake ndi mapemphero kapena miyambo yochitika pa nthawi ya masoka achilengedwe.
4. Miyambo Yopitirira: Miyambo imeneyi imachitika kuti zinthu ziyende bwino monga momwe zilili panopa kapena kuti anthu azikhala bwino. Chitsanzo ndi mwambo waulimi womwe umachitika kuti nthaka ikhale yonyowa.
Phunziro la Nkhani: Miyambo M'zikhalidwe Zosiyana
Kuti timvetse bwino momwe miyambo imagwirira ntchito m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, nazi zitsanzo zenizeni kuchokera m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi:
1. Mwambo Woyambitsa Chipembedzo mu Fuko la Maasai, Kenya
Anthu a mtundu wa Maasai ku Kenya ali ndi mwambo wovuta kwambiri komanso wophiphiritsa. Ndi njira yayitali yokhala ndi magawo angapo, kuyambira mdulidwe mpaka nthawi yodzipatula pomwe amuna amaphunzira maudindo ndi maudindo a akuluakulu a fuko. Miyambo imeneyi imaphunzitsa makhalidwe abwino komanso kulimbitsa ubale pakati pa anthu a fuko.
2. Mwambo wa Ngaben ku Bali, Indonesia
Ngaben ndi mwambo wa kuwotcha mtembo wa ku Balinese womwe umachitika m'matchalitchi a Chihindu omwe umachitika m'masiku angapo. Kuwotcha mtembo kumakhulupirira kuti kumachotsa mzimu m'thupi ndikuwupititsa ku moyo wa pambuyo pa imfa. Miyambo yambiriyi imakhudza anthu ammudzi ndipo imathandizira kulimbitsa mgwirizano wa anthu ndikupereka chitonthozo chauzimu kwa banja lomwe laferedwa.
3. Chikondwerero cha Tsiku la Akufa ku Mexico
Tsiku la Akufa (Día de los Muertos) ndi chikondwerero cha pachaka ku Mexico chomwe chimakondwerera ndikukumbukira akufa. Chikondwererochi chimaphatikizapo kupanga maguwa okhala ndi zithunzi ndi katundu wa akufa, chakudya, ndi maluwa. Mwambowu umasonyeza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa moyo ndi imfa ndipo umakhudza anthu onse ammudzi pa chikondwerero chapagulu.
Ntchito za Miyambo ya Anthu ndi Zamaganizo
Miyambo imakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana pa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zamaganizo. Pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, miyambo imalimbitsa mgwirizano wa gulu ndi mgwirizano. Kudzera mu kutenga nawo mbali limodzi pa miyambo, anthu amamva kuti ndi mbali ya gulu lalikulu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidziwika bwino komanso amachepetsa kudzipatula.
M'maganizo, miyambo ingabweretse bata ndi chitonthozo. Mu nthawi yamavuto kapena kusatsimikizika, miyambo imapereka mphamvu yolamulira ndi kudziwiratu. Izi zimathandiza anthu kuthana ndi nkhawa ndi kupsinjika maganizo. Miyambo ingathandizenso kumvetsetsa ndi kusunga tanthauzo la moyo, makamaka panthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu kapena kutayika.
Mapeto
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu cha chipembedzo ndi kuphunzira miyambo kumapereka chidziwitso chakuya cha momwe chipembedzo ndi machitidwe auzimu amapangikira, komanso momwe amapangidwira ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwambo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kafukufukuyu, lomwe limapereka lingaliro loti timvetsetse tanthauzo la zizindikiro ndi ntchito ya chikhalidwe cha anthu cha miyambo yachipembedzo. Mwa kufufuza mozama miyambo m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, titha kupeza kufanana ndi kusiyana komwe kumawonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu za zomwe anthu amakumana nazo padziko lonse lapansi. Kudzera mu kuphunzira kwathunthu, kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu sikuti kumangokulitsa chidziwitso chathu chamaphunziro komanso kumapereka njira zatsopano zoyamikirira kusiyanasiyana ndi zovuta za moyo wauzimu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
