Ethnography ndi Ethnology mu Anthropology
Anthropology ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zakuthupi, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. M'munda uno, pali magawo awiri odziwika bwino: ethnography ndi ethnology. Magawo awiriwa nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi ofanana, koma kwenikweni ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu m'njira ndi njira zonse ziwiri. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana kusiyana ndi ubale pakati pa ethnography ndi ethnology mkati mwa nkhani ya anthropology, komanso kufunika kwawo pakumvetsetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Chiyambi: Kumvetsetsa Koyambira
Kujambula mitundu ya anthu kungatanthauzidwe mosavuta ngati kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha anthu kudzera mu kuyang'anitsitsa mwachindunji ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'miyoyo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya gulu lomwe likuphunziridwa. Kujambula mitundu ya anthu nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo njira zosonkhanitsira deta mozama, monga kuyankhulana mozama, kuyang'anira ophunzira, ndi kusanthula nkhani. Cholinga chachikulu cha kujambula mitundu ya anthu ndi kumvetsetsa bwino chikhalidwe, machitidwe a anthu, ndi malingaliro a gulu lomwe likuphunziridwa.
Kumbali ina, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi nthambi ya maphunziro a anthu yomwe imachita kufananiza ndi kusanthula zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Maphunziro a anthu amagwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe akatswiri a maphunziro a anthu amasonkhanitsa kuti apange zinthu zambiri, kuzindikira njira zomwe anthu amafanana, ndikupanga malingaliro okhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, maphunziro a anthu amagwira ntchito pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, ndikuyika deta ya chikhalidwe cha anthu mkati mwa nkhani yayikulu kuti apange chithunzi chokwanira cha kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe.
Ethnography: Njira ndi Njira
Kufufuza za mafuko nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa ngati maziko a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Njira imeneyi imafuna kafukufuku wozama komanso wautali m'munda, wotchedwa ntchito ya m'munda. Pa ntchito ya m'munda, akatswiri a mafuko amakhala ndi anthu ammudzi omwe akuphunziridwa ndikutenga nawo mbali m'miyoyo yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Izi zimathandiza akatswiri a mafuko kupeza chidziwitso chozama komanso chenicheni pa miyambo, miyambo, ndi makhalidwe abwino a gulu lomwe likuphunziridwa.
Njira zosonkhanitsira deta mu ethnography ndi zosiyanasiyana. Kuyang'anira kutenga nawo mbali ndiyo njira yayikulu, komwe ofufuza samangoyang'ana komanso kutenga nawo mbali muzochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za anthu ammudzi. Izi zimathandiza ofufuza kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika pazochitika ndi machitidwe omwe awonedwa. Kuyankhulana mozama kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti apeze malingaliro ndi nkhani za anthu kuchokera kwa mamembala a gulu lomwe likuphunziridwa. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri a ethnography nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuwunikanso zikalata, kujambula zithunzi, komanso kujambula makanema ngati gawo la njira zawo zosonkhanitsira deta.
Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha ethnography ndi ntchito ya Bronislaw Malinowski, yofalitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, momwe adaphunzirira anthu aku Trobriand Islands ku South Pacific. Kudzera mu kuwona kwa ophunzira ndi kusanthula mozama, Malinowski adapeza maubwenzi ovuta a anthu ndi njira zosinthirana m'madera awa.
Ethnology: Kusanthula ndi Kufotokozera
Maphunziro a mafuko amagogomezera kusanthula koyerekeza ndi kaganizidwe pogwiritsa ntchito deta ya mafuko ngati maziko. Akatswiri a mafuko amasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera ku maphunziro osiyanasiyana a mafuko kuti apeze njira zomwe zimasonyeza kufanana kapena kusiyana pakati pa zikhalidwe. Cholinga cha njira iyi ndikupanga malingaliro ambiri ndikupanga malingaliro omwe amafotokoza zochitika zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wa mafuko a anthu angakhale ndi chidwi chophunzira machitidwe a ubale pakati pa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Pogwiritsa ntchito deta ya mafuko, amatha kufananiza kuti adziwe ngati pali njira zofanana pa momwe abale amafotokozera komanso maudindo omwe amachita m'moyo wa anthu.
Limodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu mu chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chiphunzitso cha Claude Lévi-Strauss cha kapangidwe ka zinthu . Lévi-Strauss adagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyerekeza pofufuza nthano ndi kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana . Iye adati pali kapangidwe koyambira komwe kamayambira m'zikhalidwe zonse za anthu, komwe kangawululidwe kudzera mu kusanthula koyerekeza mozama.
Kusiyana ndi Ubale Pakati pa Ethnography ndi Ethnology
Ngakhale kuti ethnography ndi ethnology zili ndi zolinga ndi njira zosiyana, zimathandizirana. Ethnography imapereka deta yatsatanetsatane komanso yowona momwe zinthu zilili, pomwe ethnology imapereka kusanthula kofananira komwe kumalola kukulitsa malingaliro wamba.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi ndikuti ethnography imayang'ana kwambiri pakusonkhanitsa deta mwachindunji komanso mozama, pomwe ethnology imayang'ana kwambiri pakusanthula deta yosonkhanitsidwa kuti ipange kufalikira ndi malingaliro. Komabe, zonse pamodzi zimathandiza kumvetsetsa zovuta ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
M'machitidwe, akatswiri ambiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amagwira ntchito m'magawo onse awiri. Angayambe ndi kufufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti asonkhanitse deta, kenako n’kuyamba kufufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti afufuze detayo m’njira yotakata. Izi zimawathandiza kupereka nzeru zomwe sizimangokhudza gulu limodzi la chikhalidwe komanso zofunikira m’njira yotakata.
Kufunika kwa Ethnography ndi Ethnology
Njira zonsezi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu maphunziro a anthu. Kujambula mitundu ya anthu kumapereka kumvetsetsa kwakukulu momwe anthu amakhalira, momwe amachitira zinthu, komanso momwe dziko lawo limakhalira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano, pomwe kumvetsetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe kungathandize pa chilichonse kuyambira mfundo za anthu mpaka machitidwe abizinesi.
Kumbali ina, maphunziro a mafuko amathandiza kuzindikira njira zofanana komanso kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Izi sizimangothandiza pakukula kwa ziphunzitso mu anthropology komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo monga thanzi la padziko lonse, maphunziro, ndi chitukuko cha mayiko ena. Pomvetsetsa njira zofanana komanso kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe za anthu, mapulogalamu ndi mfundo zitha kupangidwa bwino komanso mosamala kwambiri malinga ndi chikhalidwe.
Mapeto
Ethnography ndi ethnology ndi magawo awiri ogwirizana mkati mwa anthropology. Ethnography imapereka kumvetsetsa kwakuya komanso kogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe china kudzera mu ntchito yozama, pomwe ethnology imagwiritsa ntchito deta ya ethnography kuti ipange kusanthula kofananiza, kuzindikira machitidwe, ndikupanga malingaliro ambiri. Njira zonsezi ndizofunikira kutithandiza kumvetsetsa kusiyanasiyana ndi zovuta za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Kudzera mu mgwirizano pakati pa ethnography ndi ethnology, akatswiri a anthropology amatha kupereka chidziwitso chokwanira pa tanthauzo la kukhala munthu komanso momwe madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi amaperekera tanthauzo ku miyoyo yawo. M'dziko lomwe likukula padziko lonse lapansi, kumvetsetsa kotereku ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga mfundo ndi machitidwe olungama, ophatikizana, komanso okhazikika.
