Kachitidwe ka Kusinthanitsa Zinthu ndi Anthropology ya Zachuma: Kafukufuku Wozama
Anthropology ya zachuma ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri momwe magulu a anthu amakonzera ndikuyendetsa ntchito zawo zachuma. Njira ya anthropology ya zachuma imaphatikizapo kuphunzira momwe magulu osiyanasiyana amapangira, kugawa, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu. Lingaliro limodzi lofunika kwambiri mu anthropology ya zachuma ndi njira yosinthira, yomwe ilipo m'zikhalidwe zonse za anthu ndipo imayambira pakusinthana kosavuta mpaka njira zovuta zokhudzana ndi ndalama ndi misika.
Kumvetsetsa Zachuma
Anthropology ya zachuma imaphunzira njira zomwe madera osiyanasiyana amayendetsera chuma chawo. Phunziroli silimangoyang'ana pa zochita za anthu zomwe zingayesedwe ndi ndalama, komanso pazochitika za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zomwe zimakhudza ndi kukhudzidwa ndi chuma. Mwachitsanzo, anthropology ya zachuma imafufuza momwe miyambo, miyambo ya chikhalidwe, ndi kapangidwe ka anthu monga mabanja ndi madera zimathandizira kwambiri momwe chuma chimagawidwira ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthropology ya zachuma ndi zachuma zachikhalidwe ndi cholinga chawo. Ngakhale kuti zachuma zachikhalidwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pa zitsanzo za masamu ndi mfundo zapadziko lonse, anthropology yachuma imagogomezera kufunika kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pomvetsetsa zochitika zachuma. Mwa kusanthula machitidwe osiyanasiyana azachuma padziko lonse lapansi, akatswiri azachuma amayesa kuzindikira njira ndi mfundo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumvetsetsa momwe madera osiyanasiyana amathanirana ndi mavuto awo azachuma.
Dongosolo Losinthana la Katundu mu Anthropology ya Zachuma
Dongosolo losinthana ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika zoyambirira komanso zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Kusinthana kumachitika pamene magulu awiri osiyana amalonda kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo. Pankhaniyi, kusinthana kungachitike mwachindunji, kotchedwa kusinthana, kapena pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira ndalama monga ndalama.
Kusinthana Zinthu Ngati Njira Yosinthira Zinthu
Kusinthana ndi njira yosavuta komanso yakale kwambiri yosinthirana. Mu chitsanzo ichi, magulu awiri amavomereza kusinthana katundu kapena ntchito zomwe ali nazo kuti agule katundu kapena ntchito zomwe akufuna. Vuto lalikulu la njira yosinthirana ndi kufunikira kopeza ogwirizana omwe ali ndi zosowa zowonjezera, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kufanana kawiri kwa zosowa." Ngakhale zili choncho, kusinthana kumagwiritsidwabe ntchito m'madera ambiri achikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka m'madera akutali komwe ndalama ndi misika sizingapezeke mosavuta.
Ndalama monga Njira Yosinthira Ndalama
Pamene madera akukula ndipo chuma chinkavuta kwambiri, ndalama zinayambitsidwa ngati njira yosinthira zinthu padziko lonse lapansi. Ndalama zinathandiza kusinthana katundu mwa kuchotsa kufunika kwa "kufanana kawiri kwa zosowa." Ndalama zinathandizanso kusungira phindu ndipo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo la akaunti yogwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mitengo ya katundu ndi mautumiki. Mu anthropology ya zachuma, ndalama sizimangowonedwa ngati njira yosinthira ndalama zokha komanso ngati chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimasonyeza kudalirana ndi kukhazikika mkati mwa anthu.
Dongosolo Losasintha Ndalama
Kupatula kusinthana ndalama ndi zinthu zina, palinso njira zina zosiyanasiyana zosagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe zimaphunziridwa mu maphunziro azachuma. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena achikhalidwe, njira zopatsa mphatso, kapena "kusinthana mphatso," ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu ndi zachuma. Mu njira zimenezi, katundu ndi ntchito zimasinthidwa ngati zizindikiro za ubwenzi, mgwirizano, kapena ulemu, osati ngati zinthu zachuma zokha.
Marcel Mauss, katswiri wa za anthu wa ku France, m'buku lake lodziwika bwino lakuti “The Gift” (1925), adayambitsa lingaliro la “hau,” ponena za mphamvu yauzimu yomwe imakhulupirira kuti imapezeka m'zinthu zomwe zimasinthidwa mu dongosolo lopereka mphatso. Malinga ndi Mauss, kusinthana mphatso kumapanga mgwirizano wolimba kwambiri kuposa zochitika wamba zachuma, chifukwa kumaphatikizapo udindo wa makhalidwe abwino wopereka, kulandira, ndi kubwezera.
Machitidwe Osinthana mu Mabungwe Akale ndi Amakono
Bungwe Loyamba
M'madera akale, machitidwe osinthana nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa mu machitidwe awo a anthu komanso zikhulupiriro zawo zachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mafuko a Pacific, monga a Kula a ku Trobriand Islands, amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe ovuta kwambiri osinthana omwe amaphatikizapo kuyenda mtunda wautali kuti asinthane zokongoletsera zamtengo wapatali. Machitidwewa samangogwirizana ndi zachuma komanso udindo wa anthu, mphamvu, ndi chikhalidwe.
Machitidwe otere amapezekanso mu miyambo yosakira ndi kusonkhanitsa ya mafuko a Amwenye aku America. Machitidwe osinthana samangothandiza kugawa katundu ndi mautumiki komanso amalimbitsa maubwenzi ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mafuko.
Anthu Amakono
Mu chikhalidwe cha masiku ano, njira zosinthira ndalama zasanduka maukonde ovuta kwambiri okhudzana ndi misika yapadziko lonse, mabungwe azachuma, ndi maboma. Komabe, zinthu zina za njira zosinthira ndalama zachikhalidwe zimapitirirabe ndipo nthawi zina zimabwereranso m'njira ya chuma chogawana ndi madera am'deralo omwe amadalira kusinthana katundu ndi ntchito popanda ndalama.
Chuma chogawana ndi mawu ofotokoza kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo kuti zithandize kusinthana katundu ndi ntchito pakati pa anzawo. Mapulatifomu monga Airbnb ndi Uber amalola anthu kugwiritsa ntchito bwino katundu wosagwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira. Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka ngati zamakono, mfundo yaikulu si yosiyana kwambiri ndi kusinthana kapena kupereka mphatso m'mbuyomu—ndiko kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu m'njira yopindulitsa komanso yokhazikika.
Mapeto
Kudzera mu njira ya chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, maphunziro azachuma amapereka chidziwitso chochuluka cha momwe anthu amakonzera ndikuyendetsa ntchito zawo zachuma. Machitidwe osinthana, kaya ndi osavuta monga kusinthana kapena ovuta monga misika yazachuma, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zakhalapo m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. Mwa kuphunzira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi njira zosinthirana, titha kumvetsetsa bwino momwe chuma sichili chinthu chamtengo wapatali chokha komanso ntchito yozama ya chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
Mu dziko lomwe likulumikizana komanso lovuta kwambiri, chidziwitso kuchokera ku maphunziro azachuma chikupitirizabe kukhala chofunikira potithandiza kuganiziranso momwe timakonzera chuma chathu ndikupanga tsogolo lokhazikika komanso lofanana. Kudzera mukumvetsetsa bwino machitidwe osinthirana, titha kuphunzira kuchokera ku mitundu ina yazachuma yomwe ingakhale yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chathu komanso zosowa za chilengedwe chomwe timakhalamo.
