Te Ine i te Marara i roto i ngā Tatauranga
Ko te tatauranga te ako i te kohikohinga, te tātaritanga, te whakamāramatanga, me te whakaaturanga o ngā raraunga. Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui o te tatauranga ko te ine i te horapa, he ine e whakaahua ana i te horapa, i te rerekētanga rānei o ngā raraunga i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga. Mā te mārama ki ēnei inenga ka āwhina i te whakamāramatanga hohonu ake o ngā raraunga, te tautuhi i te rerekētanga, tae atu ki te whakatakoto matapae tika ake. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo inenga horapa, tō rātou hiranga i roto i te tātaritanga raraunga, me ngā tikanga tatau e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Te Mārama ki te Mararatanga me tōna Hiranga i roto i ngā Tatauranga
Ko te marara, te rerekētanga rānei, e pā ana ki te whānuitanga o te horapa o ngā raraunga huri noa i te pokapū o te tohatoha. Ko te pokapū o te tohatoha ka taea te noho hei toharite, hei waenga, hei aratau rānei o ngā raraunga. He mea nui ngā inenga marara nā te mea ka whakaratohia he mōhiohio tāpiri e kore e taea e ngā inenga o te ia matua (pēnei i te toharite, te waenga rānei).
Tērā pea he ōrite te toharite o ngā huinga raraunga e rua, engari he tino rerekē te rerekētanga. Hei tauira, mēnā he ōrite ngā kaute whakamātautau toharite o ngā akomanga rerekē e rua, engari ko ngā kaute o tētahi akomanga kei waenganui i te 90-100, ko ngā kaute o tētahi kei waenganui i te 50-100, kāti he nui ake te rerekētanga o te akomanga tuarua. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ka taea e ngā inenga marara te āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te kanorau i waenga i ngā uara raraunga.
Ngā Momo Inenga Marara
He maha ngā momo inenga marara e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tatauranga, he painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia momo. Ko ētahi o ngā mea tino noa ko:
1. Awhe
2. Rerekētanga
3. Paerewa Rerekētanga
4. Te Rerekētanga Tino Toharite (MAD)
5. Awhe I waenga i ngā Hauwhā (IQR)
1. Awhe
Ko te whānuitanga te mehua māmā rawa atu o te horapa, ā, ka tatauhia mā te tango i te uara iti rawa i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga mai i te uara nui rawa. Mā te pāngarau:
\[ \text{Awhe} = \text{Uara Mōrahi} – \text{Uara Iti} \]
He māmā noa te tatau i te awhe, ā, he tirohanga tere tēnei mō te rerekētanga. Heoi, he tino tairongo te awhe ki ngā mea o waho. Nō reira, ki te mea he uara tino nui kei roto i ngā raraunga, ka kore pea e tika te pikitia o te mararatanga whānui o ngā raraunga e te awhe.
2. Rerekētanga
Ka ine te rerekētanga i te marara o ngā raraunga mā te tatau i te toharite o ngā rerekētanga tapawhā i waenga i ia uara raraunga me te toharite whānui. Ko te tātai mō te rerekētanga taupori (σ²) ko:
\[ \sigma^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^N (x_i – \mu)^2}{N} \]
Mō te tauira (s²), kua paku whakarerekētia te tātai kia:
\[ s^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i – \bar{x})^2}{n-1} \]
I konei, ko \( x_i \) ia uara raraunga, ko \( \mu \) te toharite o te taupori, ko \( \bar{x} \) te toharite tauira, ko \( N \) te rahi o te taupori, ā, ko \( n \) te rahi tauira. Ka nui ake te taumaha o te rerekētanga ki ngā uara tino nui nā te mea ka tapawhāhia ngā rerekētanga. He whai hua pea tēnei, engari ka kore e tino mārama te rerekētanga i tōna tauine taketake.
3. Paerewa Rerekētanga
Ko te paerewa rerekētanga ko te pūtake tapawhā o te rerekētanga, ā, e whakamahi ana i ngā waeine ōrite ki ngā raraunga taketake, kia māmā ake ai te mārama:
\[ \tohu = \sqrt{\tohu^2} \]
Ko te paerewa rerekētanga tētahi o ngā mehua marara e whakamahia whānuitia ana, nā te mea ka whakakotahi i ngā huringa tapawhā, kātahi ka whakaitihia ki te tauine taketake, kia māmā ake ai te whakamārama mā te tini o te tangata.
4. Te Rerekētanga Tino Toharite (MAD)
Ka ine a MAD i te toharite tino tika o ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ia uara raraunga me te toharite whānui. Ko te tātai ko:
\[ \text{MAD} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n |x_i – \bar{x}|}{n} \]
Mā te MAD ka mārama ake te tirohanga o te marara nā te mea kāore e tapawhāhia ngā rerekētanga, nō reira kāore i te nui ake te pānga o ngā mea o waho atu i te rerekētanga, te paerewa rerekētanga rānei.
5. Awhe I waenga i ngā Hauwhā (IQR)
Ka ine te IQR i te tawhiti i waenga i te hauwhā tuatahi (Q1) me te hauwhā tuatoru (Q3), e whakauru ana i te 50% o waenganui o ngā raraunga:
\[ \text{IQR} = Q3 – Q1 \]
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te IQR me ngā kauwhata pouaka, ā, he tino whai hua ki te tautuhi i ngā mea o waho. Nā te mea ka arotahi noa ki waenganui o ngā raraunga, kāore i te tino pāngia te IQR e ngā uara tino nui, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i roto i te tātari raraunga tūhura.
Ngā Tauira me ngā Tauira Take
Hei mārama ake i te whakamahinga o ngā inenga marara, me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira o ngā tono i roto i ngā mara rerekē.
1. Te Ine i te Mahi a ngā Kaimahi
I roto i te whakahaere rauemi tangata (HRM), ko te ine i te mahi a ngā kaimahi tētahi wāhanga e whakamahia pinepinetia ana ngā ine marara. Mā te whakamahi i te rerekētanga, te paerewa rerekētanga rānei, ka taea e te HR te tautuhi i te horapa o ngā whakatauranga mahi i waenga i ngā kaimahi. Mena he nui te rerekētanga, tera pea he kore taurite i roto i te pūnaha aromatawai, he koretake rānei te mahi.
2. Tātaritanga Mōrearea Pūtea
I roto i te pūtea, ka whakamahia ngā mehua horapa pēnei i te rerekētanga me te paerewa rerekētanga hei tatau i te mōrearea o tētahi haumitanga. Ko ngā putea he paerewa rerekētanga teitei e kiia ana he mōrearea ake nā te mea he nui ake te hurihanga o ā rātou rerenga moni. Ka taea e tēnei mehua te āwhina i ngā kaipupuri moni ki te whakatau i ngā whakatau whai whakaaro.
3. Rangahau Pūtaiao Hauora
I roto i ngā rangahau hauora, ka whakamahia ngā inenga marara hei mārama ki ngā rerekētanga o te urupare a te tūroro ki tētahi maimoatanga. Ko te rerekētanga nui o te urupare a te tūroro he tohu pea i te hiahia mō te maimoatanga takitahi, te rangahau rānei i ētahi atu āhuatanga ka pā ki ngā putanga maimoatanga.
Ngā Painga me ngā Huakore o ngā Inenga Mararatanga Rerekē
He painga, he ngoikoretanga hoki tō ia tikanga ine marara. Ko te whiriwhiri i te mea tino tika ka whakawhirinaki ki te horopaki o ngā raraunga me te kaupapa o te tātari.
– Awhe: Ko te painga he ngāwari ki te tatau, engari he tino tairongo ki ngā mea o waho.
– Rerekētanga: He whakamārama mārama mō te horapa, engari nā te ine tapawhā ka uaua ake te mārama.
– Paerewa Ine: He tino whai hua, he māmā hoki te mārama, engari ka pāngia hoki e ngā mea o waho.
– MAD: Kāore i te tino pāngia e ngā āhuatanga o waho, ā, he māmā ake te mārama, engari he onge te whakamahinga i roto i te mahi.
– IQR: He tino whai hua ki te tautuhi i te mararatanga me te kore he mea o waho, engari kāore e kapi i ngā raraunga o waho.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā inenga marara o ngā tatauranga, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga nui ki te rerekētanga i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga. Mā te mārama ki ngā tikanga rerekē mō te ine i te marara, pērā i te whānuitanga, te rerekētanga, te paerewa rerekētanga, te MAD, me te IQR, ka taea e tātou te mahi tātari raraunga hōhonu ake, me te whakatau pai ake i runga i tēnā. Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā raraunga me te kaupapa o tā tātou tātari, ā, mā te mārama ki ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia mea, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i ngā inenga marara kia whai hua ake.
