Tikanga Pūmau i roto i ngā Tatauranga
Pendahuluan
Ko te tatauranga te pūtaiao e whai ana ki te kohikohi, ki te tātari, ki te whakamārama, me te whakaatu raraunga. He maha ngā wā ka whakawhirinaki te tātari tatauranga ki ētahi whakaaro, ki ngā ariā tūponotanga rānei e hiahia ana ki ngā rahi tauira nui hei whakaputa whakatau tata tika. Heoi, i roto i te maha o ngā āhuatanga, kāore e taea te tiki tauira nui. Koinei te wāhi e tino whai hua ai te tikanga bootstrap, he tikanga tauira anō.
I whakaurua tuatahitia te tikanga bootstrap e Bradley Efron i te tau 1979, ā, kua noho ko tētahi o ngā tikanga tino rongonui i roto i ngā tatauranga nā tōna ngāwari me tōna kaha ki te whakaputa whakatau tata mō ngā tawhā taupori maha me te kore e hiahiatia he whakapae tohatoha motuhake. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mātāpono taketake o te tikanga bootstrap, ōna mahi whakatinanatanga, me ētahi tauira o ōna tono i roto i ngā tatauranga.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Tikanga Bootstrap
Ko te tikanga pūmau he huarahi kore-taurite e āhei ai tātou ki te whakatau tata i te tohatoha o tētahi tatauranga (hei tauira, te toharite, te tau waenga, te rerekētanga) mā te tauira anō i ā tātou raraunga taketake. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei tikanga ko te whakamahi i ngā raraunga o nāianei (te tauira taketake) hei whakatauira i ngā huinga raraunga hou maha me te tauira anō.
Anei ngā mahi matua i mahia i roto i te tikanga bootstrap:
1. Tauira Anō: Mai i te huinga raraunga taketake o te rahi N, tauira anō kia N ngā wā me te whakakapinga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka taea te tīpako i ngā huānga kua tīpakohia hei tātaritanga neke atu i te kotahi.
2. Tātaihia ngā Tatauranga: Tātaihia ngā tatauranga e hiahiatia ana (hei tauira, te toharite, te tau waenga) mō ia tauira anō.
3. Whakahokia te Tukanga: Whakahokia ngā taahiraa 1 me te 2 kia maha ngā wā (hei tauira, B=1000, neke atu rānei) hei whiwhi i te tohatoha pūmau o te tatauranga e hiahia ana koe.
4. Te Whakatau Tatau me te Whakatau: Whakamahia tēnei tohatoha pūmau hei waihanga i ngā wā whakawhirinaki, hei whakamātautau i ngā whakapae, hei waihanga rānei i ētahi atu tatauranga whakatau tata.
Ngā Wāhanga Whakatinanatanga o te Bootstrap
Ka taea te whakamārama i te tikanga bootstrap i roto i ngā taipitopito atu i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
1. Te tauira anō
Ko te tauira anō me te whakakapinga te kaupapa matua o te tikanga bootstrap. Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga taketake, ka hangaia e mātou he maha ngā huinga raraunga hou, e kiia nei ko ngā tauira bootstrap. Ko ia tauira bootstrap he hua o te tauira N ngā wā mai i te huinga raraunga taketake o te rahi N, engari me te whakakapinga, kia puta ai ngā huānga o te tauira taketake neke atu i te kotahi i roto i ngā tauira bootstrap.
Tauira:
Mena kei a tātou ngā raraunga taketake \[3, 5, 7, 9\], kāti ko tētahi tauira bootstrap pea ko \[3, 9, 9, 5\].
2. Te Tatau i ngā Tatauranga Bootstrap
Mō ia tauira pūmau, tatauhia te tatauranga e hiahiatia ana. Mēnā kei te hiahia tātou ki te toharite, ka tatauhia e tātou te toharite mō ia tauira pūmau. Mēnā ka whakahokia tēnei tukanga e tātou i ngā wā B, ka whiwhi tātou i ngā whakatau tata B mō te toharite.
3. Te Hanga i tētahi Tohatoha Bootstrap
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tatauranga katoa i tatauhia mai i ngā tauira pūmau B, ka hangaia he tohatoha pūmau o te tatauranga e hiahiatia ana. Ka whakamahia tēnei tohatoha hei whakatau tata i te tohatoha tauira o te tatauranga.
4. Whakatau Tatauranga
Mai i tēnei tohatoha pūmau, ka taea e tātou te hanga i ngā whakatau tatauranga rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea e tātou te whakatau i ngā wā whakawhirinaki mā te tango i ngā ōrau mai i te tohatoha pūmau, te whakamātautau rānei i ngā whakapae mā te titiro ki te uara-p i whiwhi mai i tēnei tohatoha.
Tauira o te Whakamahi i te Tikanga Bootstrap
Hei whakarato i tētahi pikitia mārama ake, me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira o te whakamahinga o te tikanga bootstrap i roto i ngā horopaki mahi.
Tauira 1: Wā Whakawhirinaki Toharite
Me kī, he tauira raraunga tā tātou mō ngā taumaha tinana o te 10 tāngata penei: \[60, 62, 67, 70, 65, 68, 64, 60, 66, 63\].
1. Mai i ēnei raraunga, ka tangohia e mātou he 1000 tauira bootstrap o te rahi ōrite, hei tauira:
– Tauira 1: \[62, 67, 70, 67, 64, 62, 63, 65, 68, 60\]
– Tauira 2: \[60, 62, 70, 70, 63, 64, 63, 65, 68, 62\]
- me ētahi atu…
2. Mai i ia tauira bootstrap, ka tatauhia e mātou te toharite:
– Tauira toharite 1: (62+67+70+67+64+62+63+65+68+60) / 10
– Tauira toharite 2: (60+62+70+70+63+64+63+65+68+62) / 10
- me ētahi atu…
3. Mā te mahi anō i tēnei mahi kia 1000 ngā wā, ka whiwhi tātou i te 1000 taumaha toharite.
4. Mā ēnei raraunga toharite 1000, ka hangaia he tohatoha bootstrap, ka tangohia te 2.5 me te 97.5 ōrau hei waihanga i tētahi āputa whakawhirinaki 95%.
Tauira 2: Whakamātautau Whakaaro Waenga Maha
Me kī, me whakamātautau tātou mēnā he ōrite ngā tau waenga o ngā huinga raraunga e rua. Ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i te bootstrapping hei waihanga i tētahi tohatoha o te rerekētanga o ngā tau waenga.
1. Tangohia ngā tauira pūmau mai i ia huinga raraunga taketake.
2. Tātaihia te rerekētanga waenga mō ia tauira bootstrap.
3. Waihangahia he tohatoha o ngā rerekētanga waenga o te bootstrap.
4. Tirohia mēnā kei roto te kore i te āputa whakawhirinaki o te tohatoha.
Ngā Painga me ngā Here o te Tikanga Bootstrap
Te taikaha
– Kore-tawhā: Kāore e hiahiatia he whakapae mō te tohatoha raraunga.
– Te Whai Hua mō ngā Tauira Iti: He whai hua ahakoa mō ngā tauira iti.
– Ngāwari: Ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā tatauranga maha tae atu ki te toharite, te tau waenga, te tau taunga whakatauira, me ētahi atu.
– Ngāwari ki te Whakatinana: Nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko, he tino māmā te whakatinana i te tikanga bootstrap mā te awhina o ngā pūmanawa tatauranga pēnei i a R, Python rānei.
Ngā Here
– Te Utu Tātari: Ka hiahiatia he nui o ngā rauemi rorohiko, inā koa he nui ngā rahi raraunga, he maha rānei ngā tauira bootstrap (B).
– Te Kanorau o ngā Tauira: He pai anake mō ngā tauira e tino whakaatu ana i te taupori taketake.
– Kāore e Ārai i te Pānga: Mena he pānga te raraunga taketake, ka rite tonu te pānga o ngā tauira bootstrap katoa.
Whakamutunga
He otinga kaha, he ngāwari hoki te tikanga bootstrap mō ngā raruraru whakatau tatauranga maha. Nā tōna kaha ki te whakatau tika i te tohatoha o ngā tatauranga me te kore e whakaaro ki tētahi tohatoha motuhake, kua noho te tikanga bootstrap hei taputapu whai hua mō te tātari raraunga. Ahakoa ōna herenga, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake ngā painga e tukuna ana e ia i ngā utu tātaitai. Ina whakamahia tika, ka taea e te tikanga bootstrap te whakarato i ngā māramatanga whai kiko me te tika ake ki te tātari tatauranga.
