Te Awe o te Hangarau ki te Hapori E ai ki te Hapori
I tēnei ao hou, kua uru te hangarau ki roto i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te oranga tangata. Mai i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te kawe waka ki te hauora me te mātauranga, kua hurihia e ngā whanaketanga hangarau ngā hanganga me ngā whanaungatanga pāpori. He wāhanga nui te ako i te pānga o te hangarau ki te pāpori i roto i te hapori, e tuku ana i tētahi tirohanga whānui hei tātari i ngā huringa me ngā haere tonu o ngā whanonga tangata. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te awe o te hangarau ki te hapori e ai ki te hapori, me te wetewete i ngā anga ariā, ngā pānga nui, me ngā tautohetohe tonu.
Ngā Tirohanga Ariā mō te Hangarau me te Hapori
Ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hapori ngā tirohanga ariā maha hei mārama ki te pānga o te hangarau ki te hapori. E toru ngā anga matua e puta ake ana: te whakatau hangarau, te hanganga pāpori o te hangarau (SCOT), me te ariā whatunga kaiwhakaari (ANT).
E kī ana te Whakataunga Hangarau he mana motuhake te hangarau e hanga ana i te hapori. E ai ki tēnei tirohanga, ko ngā auahatanga hangarau te mea e akiaki ana i ngā huringa hapori, e awe ana i ngā mea katoa mai i ngā hanganga ōhanga ki ngā tikanga ahurea. Ko ngā kaitautoko rongonui pērā i a Marshall McLuhan e kī ana "ko te reo te karere," e kī ana ko te whakaurunga o tētahi hangarau hou (te reo) ka tino whakarerekē i ngā wheako me ngā taunekeneke hapori, ahakoa te ihirangi kei roto.
He rerekē, e kī ana te anga Hanganga Hapori o te Hangarau (SCOT) ko te hapori te kaihanga o te hangarau. E whakanui ana tēnei tirohanga i te mana whakahaere tangata, me te kī ko te whanaketanga hangarau e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā horopaki pāpori, ahurea, me te tōrangapū. E kī ana ngā tohunga ariā SCOT pērā i a Trevor Pinch rāua ko Wiebe Bijker kāore ngā hangarau e puta noa mai i te koretake engari he hua o ngā whiriwhiringa i waenga i ngā rōpū pāpori kanorau me ngā hiahia me ngā uara rerekē.
Ko te Ariā Whatunga Kaiwhakaari (ANT) e hono ana i ēnei huarahi mā te titiro ki te hangarau me te hapori hei whatunga whakawhirinaki o ngā kaiwhakaari tangata me ngā kaiwhakaari ehara i te tangata. Nā Bruno Latour i ārahi, e kī ana a ANT he hononga ngā huānga hangarau me te pāpori i roto i tētahi whatunga matatini, e awe ana, e hanga hou ana hoki tetahi i tetahi. E whakaatu ana tēnei ariā i ngā whanaungatanga e hanga ana i te hangarau hei hua, hei kaihanga hoki i ngā tukanga pāpori.
Pānga ki te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero me ngā Taunekeneke Hapori
Ko tētahi o ngā awe nui rawa atu o te hangarau ki te hapori, mai i te tirohanga pāpori, ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā taunekeneke pāpori. Nā te taenga mai o te ipurangi me ngā pāpāho matihiko, kua rerekē te hononga o te tangata me te āhua o ēnei hononga. Nā te tohunga pāpori a Manuel Castells i hanga te kupu "Whatunga Hapori" hei whakaahua i tētahi hanganga pāpori me ngā pona honohono e whakakahangia ana e ngā hangarau mōhiohio.
Kua whānui ake te whānuitanga me te tere o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero nā ngā papaaho matihiko, ā, kua hangaia he kāinga ā-ao. Mā ngā whatunga pāpāho pāpori ka taea te hanga me te whakapakari i ngā hononga pāpori puta noa i ngā whenua, ā, ka puta ake ngā hapori mariko. Heoi anō, he wero anō hoki kei roto i tēnei nekehanga. E whakamārama ana te tohunga hapori a Sherry Turkle i te āhua o te "noho mokemoke tahi," arā, ko te wā e uru ai ngā tāngata ki ngā taunekeneke ipurangi i te utu mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kanohi ki te kanohi, ka whakaiti pea i te kounga me te hohonutanga o ngā whanaungatanga.
I tua atu, nā te horapa o ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matihiko i āwhina ngā nekehanga pāpori me ngā mahi whakaohooho. Hei tauira, i whakaatu te Puna Arapi i te kaha o te pāpāho pāpori ki te whakaoho i te tini o te tangata mō te huringa tōrangapū. Heoi anō, e whakaatu ana hoki i te āhua takirua o te hangarau; ko ngā taputapu e whakamana ana i ngā kaiwhakaohooho ka taea te whakamahi hei tirotiro me te whakahaere e ngā kāwanatanga mana whakahaere.
Huringa Ohaoha
Kua tino whakarerekētia ngā mahi ōhanga me ngā mākete mahi e te hangarau. Ko te pikinga ake o te aunoatanga me te mātauranga horihori (AI) kei te hanga hou i ngā ahumahi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka piki ake te hua me te tipu ōhanga. Heoi, kei te haere tahi tēnei panonitanga me ngā āwangawanga mō te nekehanga mahi me te kore mahi. Mai i te tirohanga pāpori, me whakaaro anō ki te tikanga o te mahi, te uara o te mahi, me te heke mai o te mahi.
Ka whai pānga hou te ariā a Karl Marx mō te whakatārewatanga i roto i te horopaki o ngā whanaketanga hangarau. I te mea ka riro i ngā mīhini ngā mahi o ia rā, ka kitea pea e ngā kaimahi kei te tawhiti haere rātou i ngā hua o ā rātou mahi, ka arahi ki te ahua o te whakatārewatanga me te ngaro o te kaupapa. Ka matapakihia e ngā tohunga hapori pērā i a Richard Sennett ngā pānga o te "pūtea whakahaere ngāwari" ka noho ko te koretake o te mahi me te mahi morearea te tikanga.
Nā te hangarau anō hoki i ara ake ai te ōhanga mahi-tauhokohoko, e tohuhia ana e ngā kirimana wā-poto me te mahi motuhake, e āwhinahia ana e ngā papaaho pēnei i a Uber me Airbnb. Ahakoa e tuku ana i te ngāwari me te mana motuhake, ka ara ake ngā pātai mō ngā tika, ngā painga, me te haumarutanga pāpori o ngā kaimahi, e wero ana i ngā ariā tuku iho o te mahi pumau, roa.
Ngā Huringa Ahurea me te Tuakiri
He nui te awe o te hangarau ki ngā whakaaturanga ahurea me te hanganga tuakiri. Kua whakawāteahia e te ao matihiko te hanga ihirangi ki ngā manapori, ā, kua taea e ngā tāngata takitahi te whakaputa me te tohatoha i ngā taonga ahurea ki te hunga whakarongo o te ao. Nā tēnei kua piki haere te maha o ngā reo me ngā tirohanga rerekē e wero ana i ngā kōrero matua.
I taua wā anō, ka āwhina te hangarau i te hanganga me te whakaaturanga o te tuakiri. Ko ngā tāngata ipurangi, i hangaia mā roto i ngā kōtaha pāpāho pāpori me ngā taunekeneke mariko, he mahi nui tā rātou ki te tirohanga a te tangata ki a rātou anō me te tirohanga a ētahi atu ki a rātou. Ko te tātaritanga whakaari a Erving Goffman mō ngā taunekeneke pāpori, e tuku ana i ngā whanonga pāpori ki te whakaaturanga whare tapere, he mea tino nui ki te mārama ki te whakaaturanga whaiaro ipurangi.
Heoi anō, ka whakanuia ake hoki e te ao matihiko ngā take o te tirotiro me te tūmataitinga o ngā raraunga. E whakatūpato ana ngā tohunga pāpori pērā i a David Lyon mō tētahi "hapori tirotiro" e aroturukitia tonutia ana, e kohia ana, e hokohokohia ana hoki ngā mōhiohio whaiaro e ngā kamupene me ngā kāwanatanga, ā, ka takahi pea i ngā herekoretanga me ngā tika o te tangata takitahi.
Te Mātauranga me te Whakatōranga Mātauranga
Kua hurihia e te hangarau te mātauranga, kua pakaruhia ngā arai tuku iho ki te hora i te mātauranga. Mā ngā papaaho ako ipurangi, ngā Akoranga Ipurangi Tuwhera Nui (MOOC), me ngā whare pukapuka matihiko ka māmā ake te uru atu ki te mātauranga, inā koa mō ngā rōpū e noho tahaetia ana. E hangai ana tēnei ki te ariā o ngā "rōpū mātauranga," he rauemi matua te mōhiohio.
Heoi anō, he take nui tonu te wehewehenga matihiko, e whakaatu ana i ngā kore taurite o te urunga atu ki te hangarau me te mātauranga matihiko. E whakanui ana ngā tohunga hapori i te hiahia kia aro atu ki ēnei rerekētanga kia mōhio ai ka whai wāhi ngā whanaketanga hangarau ki ngā whai wāhitanga mātauranga taurite, kaua ki te whakanui ake i ngā kore taurite pāpori o nāianei.
Nga Whakaaro Matatika me te Morare
Ko te whakaurunga o te hangarau ki roto i te hapori ka ara ake he pātai matatika me te morare hohonu. Ko ngā take pēnei i te tūmataitinga raraunga, ngā tikanga matatika o te matauranga horihori, ngā tika matihiko, me te pānga taiao o te hanga me te whakakorenga hangarau he āwangawanga nui. He mahi nui tā ngā tohunga hapori ki te tirotiro i ēnei taha matatika, me te tautoko i te whanaketanga hangarau kawenga me te whakauru.
Hei whakamutunga, he āhuatanga uaua, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te hangarau ki te hapori, e hiahia ana kia āta tātarihia te taha hapori. Ka kawea mai e ngā auahatanga hangarau ngā whai wāhitanga me ngā wero, e hanga hou ana i ngā hanganga hapori, ngā taunekeneke, me ngā tikanga ahurea. Mā te whakamahi i ngā anga ariā rerekē, ka taea e ngā tohunga hapori te aromatawai arohaehae i te mana whakarerekē o te hangarau, me te whakarite kia whakatairangahia te oranga tangata, te ōritetanga, me te whanonga matatika e tōna whakaurunga ki te hapori.
