Te Awe o te Hangarau ki te Hapori E ai ki te Hapori
Ko te hangarau, i roto i ōna āhua rerekē, he mea nui hei ārahi i ngā huringa pāpori puta noa i te hītori. Mai i te hanganga o te wira ki te taenga mai o te ipurangi, kua hanga tonu, kua whakahāngai, kua whakahou hoki ngā auahatanga hangarau i te hanganga, te ahurea, me ngā hihiri o ngā hapori tangata. Ko te hapori, te ako i te hapori, ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, me ngā umanga, he tirohanga nui hei mārama me te arotake arohaehae i te awe o te hangarau ki te hapori.
Ngā Tirohanga Hītori mō te Pānga Hangarau
Kua roa te hononga i waenga i te hangarau me te hapori e kukume ana i te aro o ngā tohunga hapori. I mōhio ngā tohunga ariā hapori o mua pērā i a Karl Marx rāua ko Max Weber ki te mana whakarerekē o te hangarau. Ki a Marx, i honoa pū te hangarau ki te momo whakaputa me ngā whanaungatanga akomanga. I tautohe ia ko ngā whanaketanga hangarau, pērā i ngā mīhini i whakamahia i te wā o te Huringa Ahumahi, i whakarerekē i te tukanga mahi, ā, i tino pā ki te oranga o ngā kaimahi me ngā whanaketanga akomanga.
I tētahi atu taha, i tirotirohia e Weber te tūranga o te hangarau i roto i te horopaki o te whakamārama. I whakapae ia ko ngā whanaketanga hangarau i whai wāhi ki te whakapiki i te whai huatanga me te hua engari i arahi anō hoki ki te whakahaere tari o te hapori. Ahakoa he pai tēnei tukanga whakamārama mō te tipu ōhanga, i arahina ki te mea i huaina e ia ko te "whare rino," he āhuatanga i mauheretia ai ngā tāngata i roto i ngā hanganga tari kore tangata me te kore whaiaro.
Hangarau me ngā Hanganga Hapori
Kei te tūhura tonu ngā tohunga pāpori o ēnei rā i te pānga o te hangarau ki ngā hanganga pāpori. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o te ako ko te pānga o ngā hangarau matihiko me te ipurangi ki ngā whakahaere pāpori. Nā te pikinga ake o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matihiko kua huri i ngā taunekeneke pāpori, kua pakaruhia ngā arai whenua, ā, kua taea ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tūturu puta noa i te ao. Nā ngā papaaho pāpāho pāpori, inā koa, kua huri te hononga o te tangata, te tohatoha mōhiohio, me te hanga hapori.
Hei tauira, ko te ariā a Manuel Castells mō te "hapori whatunga" e whakaahua ana i te hanga a ngā hangarau mōhiohio me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero (ICT) i ngā momo whakahaere pāpori hou. I roto i te hapori whatunga, ka neke te mana mai i ngā hanganga hierarki tuku iho ki ngā whatunga kore-whakahaere me te ngāwari. Ka pā tēnei panonitanga ki ngā mea katoa mai i ngā mahi ōhanga ki ngā nekehanga tōrangapū, e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te hangarau ki te hanga anō i ngā whakaritenga pāpori.
Hangarau me te Ahurea
Ko te awe o te hangarau ki te ahurea tētahi atu wāhanga ako nui. Ko te ahurea, arā, ko ngā whakapono, ngā whanonga, ngā taonga, me ētahi atu āhuatanga e kitea ana i roto i te hapori, ka pāngia nuitia e ngā whanaketanga hangarau. Nā te horapa haere o ngā pāpāho matihiko me te ipurangi kua tere te horapa o ngā whakaaro me ngā mahi ahurea puta noa i ngā rohe, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te mea e kīia ana e ētahi he whakakotahitanga ahurea.
Heoi anō, mā te hangarau ka taea te kanorau ahurea me te tiaki i ngā ahurea tokoiti. Mā ngā tūāpapa ipurangi ka taea e ngā rōpū e noho tahaetia ana te whakapuaki i ā rātou kōrero, te ātete i ngā kōrero ahurea matua, me te pupuri i ō rātou taonga tuku iho. Nō reira, e rua ngā mahi a te hangarau ki te whakakotahi i te ahurea o te ao me te whakatairanga i te kanorau ahurea.
Hei tāpiri atu, kua hurihia e te hangarau te āhua o te whakaputa me te kai ahurea. Nā te pikinga ake o ngā ratonga roma ora, te whakaputa ipurangi, me ngā momo toi matihiko kua whakawātea i te hanganga ihirangi, ā, ka taea e te tangata takitahi te whakaputa me te tohatoha i ngā taonga ahurea me te kore e hiahiatia he kaitiaki tatau tuku iho pērā i ngā kaiwhakaputa me ngā tapanga rekoata. Ehara i te mea ka hurihia noa e tēnei panonitanga te āhua o te whakaputa me te kai ahurea, engari ka ara ake hoki ngā pātai mō te taonga hinengaro, te urunga atu, me te ōritetanga ōhanga.
Hangarau me te Tauritekore Hapori
Ahakoa te kaha o te hangarau ki te whakakī i ngā āputa pāpori, ka taea hoki e ia te whakanui ake i ngā kore taurite o nāianei. He āwangawanga nui tonu te wehewehe matihiko, e pā ana ki te āputa i waenga i te hunga e whai wāhi ana ki ngā hangarau mōhiohio me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou me te hunga kāore. Ka kitea tēnei wehewehenga i roto i ngā whenua me waenga i ngā whenua, e whakaata ana, e whakakaha ana hoki i ngā kore taurite pāpori o nāianei i runga i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te moni whiwhi, te mātauranga, te iwi, me te whenua.
Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga hapori te āhua o te hangarau e whakapūmau ai i te kore taurite mā roto i ngā momo tikanga. Hei tauira, ko te urunga atu ki te mātauranga kounga teitei e whakawhirinaki haere ana ki ngā rauemi matihiko me te hononga, ko te tikanga he tino ngoikore te hunga kāore he urunga ipurangi, he mātauranga matihiko rānei. Waihoki, i te mea ka nui haere ngā whai wāhitanga mahi me ngā ratonga nui e neke ana ki te ipurangi, ka nui haere te whakaraeraetanga o te hunga kāore he urunga matihiko, he pūkenga rānei.
Heoi anō, ko te ōhanga mahi-ā-ringa, e āwhinahia ana e ngā papaaho matihiko, e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te hangarau ki te waihanga i ngā āhuatanga mahi mōrearea. Ahakoa e whakarato ana ngā papaaho pēnei i a Uber me TaskRabbit i ngā whai wāhitanga mahi ngāwari, he maha ngā wā kāore i a rātou ngā parenga me ngā painga e pā ana ki te mahi tuku iho, ka piki ake te kore haumaru ōhanga mō ngā kaimahi.
Hangarau me te Tuakiri
Ko te hononga o te hangarau me te tuakiri he wāhanga e tipu haere ana i roto i te hapori pāpori. Mā ngā hangarau matihiko ka tukuna he huarahi hou hei hanga, hei whakaatu, hei tūhura hoki i ngā tuakiri. Hei tauira, mā te pāpāho pāpori ka taea e te tangata te whakarite i ō rātou tuakiri ipurangi, te whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ō rātou tuakiri, me te hono atu ki ētahi atu e rite ana ngā wheako, ngā hiahia rānei.
Heoi anō, he wero anō hoki kei roto i tēnei takawaenga matihiko o te tuakiri. Ko ngā take o te tūmataitinga ipurangi, te tirotiro, me te haumarutanga raraunga kua noho hei āwangawanga nui i te mea ka kohia, ka whiwhi moni hoki ngā mōhiohio whaiaro e ngā kamupene hangarau. Hei tāpiri, ko te pēhanga ki te pupuri i tētahi āhua ipurangi ka pā ki te hauora hinengaro, ka arahi ki ngā take pēnei i te manukanuka, te pouri, me ngā āwangawanga mō te āhua o te tinana.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he nui ake te mahi a ngā rauropi me te mātauranga horihori ki te hanga i ngā wheako me ngā tuakiri ipurangi. Ka taea e ēnei hangarau te whakamana me te aukati i ngā kaiwhakamahi, me te awe i ngā ihirangi e kitea ana e rātou, ngā whai wāhitanga kei a rātou, tae atu ki te huarahi e mārama ai rātou ki a rātou anō me ētahi atu. He tino hiahia ngā tohunga hapori ki te pehea e taea ai e ngā whakaaro taupatupatu rauropi te whakakaha i ngā whakaaro taupatupatu me te whakahāwea hapori, me te pā nui ki ngā rōpū e noho tahaetia ana.
Opaniraa
He maha ngā āhuatanga o te hangarau, he hohonu hoki te awe o te hapori, tae atu ki ngā panonitanga o ngā hanganga pāpori, ngā whanaketanga ahurea, te kore taurite, me te tuakiri. Mā te tirohanga pāpori, ka taea e tātou te arotake arohaehae i ēnei pānga, me te mōhio ki ngā whai wāhitanga me ngā wero e puta mai ana i ngā whanaketanga hangarau.
Hei whakamutunga, ehara te hangarau i te mea pai, ehara hoki i te mea kino; ko tōna awe ka hangaia e ngā horopaki pāpori e whakawhanakehia ana, e whakamahia ana hoki. Mā te mārama ki ngā taha pāpori o te hangarau, ka taea e tātou te whakatere pai ake i ōna uauatanga, te tautoko i ngā whanaketanga hangarau tika ake, whānui ake, me te whakamahi i tōna pūmanawa ki te waihanga i tētahi ao tika ake, hono ake. I te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau, me pērā anō hoki ā tātou rangahau pāpori, me te whakarite kia aro tonu tātou ki ngā huarahi e hangaia ai, e hangaia ai hoki e te hapori.
