Te Ariā o Anomie i roto i te Hapori
Ko te hapori, hei kaupapa ako, e whai ana kia mārama ki te hanganga uaua o te hapori me ngā whanonga o ngā tāngata takitahi i roto i ngā horopaki hapori rerekē. Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o tēnei kaupapa ko te "anomie," he kupu i whakaurua mai e te matua whakatū o te hapori, a Émile Durkheim. E whakaahua ana a Anomie i te āhua o te koretake o te tikanga, te wā e pakaru ai ngā tikanga me ngā uara o te hapori, ka arahi i ngā tāngata takitahi ki te pōhēhē, te koretake o te kaupapa, me te koretake o te matatika. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o te anomie, tōna papamuri hītori, te anga ariā, me tōna hiranga i roto i te hapori hou.
Papamuri me te Whakamāramatanga o te Hītori
Nā Émile Durkheim i whakauru tuatahi te ariā o te anomie i roto i ana mahi rongonui "The Division of Labor in Society" (1893) me "Suicide" (1897). I roto i te horopaki o te ao hou me te ahumahi, i kite a Durkheim kāore i taea e ngā tikanga me ngā uara tuku iho te whai i ngā huringa tere o te hapori. Nā tēnei whakaroa i pakaru ai ngā ture matatika me te hononga hapori, ā, ka noho motumotu, ka noho motuhake hoki te tangata.
I whakamāramahia e Durkheim te anomie hei āhuatanga e kore ai te hapori e whakarato i ngā aratohu matatika e tika ana ki ngā tāngata takitahi. Ka puta tēnei ina pakaru ngā tikanga me ngā tumanakohanga pāpori kua whakatūria, ka hanga he koretake e uaua ai te tangata ki te kimi i tō rātou tūranga me tō rātou kaupapa. Ko te tikanga, ko te anomie he tohu i te kore taurite i waenga i ngā paerewa whaiaro, rōpū rānei me ngā tumanakohanga whānui a te hapori, ka arahi ki te āhua koretake.
Te Anga Whakaaturanga
He hononga hohonu te ariā o Durkheim mō te anomie ki ana ariā whānui o te hapori. I tautohe ia he kaha te awe o te hapori ki ngā whanonga takitahi, ā, he mea nui te hononga hapori hei pupuri i te tikanga. E rua ngā momo hononga hapori i tautuhia e Durkheim: te hononga ā-pūkaha me te hononga ā-pūtaiao.
1. Te Kotahitanga Ā-Mīhini: He āhuatanga tēnei momo kotahitanga o ngā hapori ahuwhenua o mua i te ao hou. E hangai ana ki te hinengaro kotahitanga e rite ana ngā whakapono, ngā uara, me ngā momo noho o te tangata. Ka mau tonu te kotahitanga pāpori mā roto i ngā wheako ōrite me ngā tikanga kaha, ōrite.
2. Te Kotahitanga Pūtaiao: I roto i ngā hapori ahumahi hou, ka noho te kotahitanga pūtaiao hei mea matua. E hangai ana ki te whakawhirinakitanga o ngā tāngata motuhake e mahi ana i ngā mahi rerekē. Ahakoa e whakatairanga ana tēnei momo kotahitanga i te kanorau me te takitahi, ka arahi hoki ki te ngoikore o te hinengaro whānui me te pikinga o te ngawari ki te pāngia e te anomie.
I whakaarohia e Durkheim me whai taurite te hapori i waenga i ngā ture (ngā tikanga, ngā ture) me te whakaurunga (ngā hononga pāpori, ngā whanaungatanga) kia pai ai te mahi. Ka puta te anomie ina he ngoikore te ture, ka pakaru te tikanga pāpori, ka ngoikore rānei te whakaurunga, ka puta te noho wehe me te momotu i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi.
Ngā Āhuatanga Pāpori me te Anomie
He whānui, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te anomie. Ka puta te anomie i roto i ngā momo āhua, ā, ka pā he pānga nui ki te takitahi me te hapori whānui.
1. Hauora Hinengaro me te Oranga: Ka taea e te anomie te arahi ki ngā kare ā-roto o te koretake o te kaupapa, te mokemoke, me te ngakaukore. Ko te hunga e pāngia ana e te anomie ka raru pea i ngā raruraru hauora hinengaro pēnei i te pouri me te manukanuka. Ko te ahua o te kore e mau i roto i te hapori ahua pōrearea ka taea te whakanui ake i ēnei kare ā-roto, ka arahi ki te hekenga o te mamae o te kare ā-roto.
2. Te Takahi me te Hara: He hononga tata te ariā a Durkheim mō te anomie ki ngā whanonga takahi. Ina pakaru ngā tikanga pāpori, ka huri pea ngā tāngata ki ngā whanonga takahi, taihara rānei hei huarahi ki te whakatau i te koretake e puta mai ana. Ka hangaia e te anomie he whenua momona mō te hara, i te mea e rapu ana ngā tāngata ki te whakakī i te āputa i mahue mai i te korenga o ngā aratohu matatika mārama.
3. Te Pūmautanga Hapori: I te taumata hapori, ka taea e te anomie te whakararu i te pumau me te kotahitanga hapori. Tērā pea ka piki ake te raruraru hapori, ngā nekehanga whakahē, me te kore pumau o te ao tōrangapū i roto i te hapori e pangia ana e te anomie. Ko te kore o ngā uara me ngā tikanga e rite ana ka whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā umanga, ka ngoikore hoki te hanganga hapori.
Te Hiranga o Anomie i ēnei rā
Ahakoa i puta te ariā o Durkheim mō te anomie i te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, kei te mau tonu tōna hiranga i roto i te hapori o ēnei rā. Kei te haere tonu te ao hou ki te kawe mai i ngā huringa pāpori tere, e akiakihia ana e ngā whanaketanga hangarau, te ao whānui, me ngā tikanga ahurea e neke haere ana. Ka taea e ēnei huringa te whakanui ake i ngā kare ā-roto o te anomie i roto i ngā huarahi maha.
1. Ngā Rerekētanga Ōhanga: I tēnei ao e piki haere ana te ao whānui, kua tino kitea ngā rerekētanga ōhanga. Ko te pikinga ake o te kore ōritetanga o te whiwhinga moni me te kore haumaru o te mahi ka whai wāhi ki ngā kare ā-roto o te noho mokemoke me te koretake, i te mea e kaha ana te tangata ki te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa me ngā tumanakohanga a te hapori.
2. Te Ao Mamati me te Pāpāho Pāpori: Kua hurihia e te ao matihiko te huarahi e taunekeneke ai te tangata me te tirohanga ki a rātou anō. Ahakoa e whakatairanga ana ngā papaaho pāpāho pāpori i ngā hononga, ka taea hoki e rātou te whakanui ake i ngā kare ā-roto o te koretake me te momotu. Ka taea e ngā whakaahua kua whiriwhiria o te oranga o ētahi atu te hanga i ngā tumanakohanga koretake, ka whai wāhi atu ki te anomie.
3. Te Wehewehenga o ngā Whare Tuku Iho: Kua pāngia ngā whare tuku iho pēnei i te whānau, te whakapono, me te hapori e ngā huringa nui. Mā te mimiti o ēnei whare ka ngoikore haere ngā hononga pāpori, ka piki ake hoki te koretake, i te mea e kaha ana te tangata ki te kimi i tōna tūranga i roto i te ao pāpori e whanake haere ana.
Te Whakatau i a Anomie
He maha ngā huarahi hei whakatika i te anomie. Ko te whakapakari i te kotahitanga pāpori ko te whakapakari i ngā ture me te whakaurunga i roto i te hapori.
1. Te Whakatairanga i ngā Kaupapa Here Whakauru: Me whakatairanga e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā umanga ngā kaupapa here e aro ana ki te kore taurite ōhanga, e whakarato ana i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te mātauranga me te mahi, me te waihanga kupenga haumaru mō ngā taupori whakaraerae. Mā te whakarite kia mau tonu, kia whai tikanga hoki ngā tūranga o te tangata takitahi i roto i te hapori ka taea te whakaiti i ngā kare ā-roto o te anomie.
2. Te Whakatipu i ngā Hononga Hapori: Mā te whakatenatena i te whai wāhi a te hapori me ngā taunekeneke pāpori ka taea te whakapakari i ngā hononga pāpori. Mā te waihanga i ngā wāhi mō ngā tāngata takitahi ki te hono atu i runga i te taumata whaiaro, ahakoa mā roto i ngā mahi hapori, te mahi tūao, ngā rōpū tautoko rānei, ka taea te āwhina i te whawhai ki ngā kare ā-roto o te mokemoke.
3. Te Urutau ki ngā Huringa Hangarau: I te mea kei te hanga tonu te hangarau i ō tātou oranga, he mea nui ki te whakawhanake i te mātauranga matihiko me te manawanui. Mā te whakatairanga i ngā whanonga hauora ipurangi me te whakatenatena i ngā hononga pono ka āwhina i te tangata ki te whakatere i ngā wero o te ao matihiko.
Opaniraa
Ko te ariā o te anomie i roto i te hapori pāpori e whakarato ana i te tirohanga hohonu ki ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi me te hapori. Kei te haere tonu te ariā a Durkheim ki te whai pānga i roto i tētahi ao e tohuhia ana e te huringa tere me te koretake. I a tātou e whakatere ana i ngā uauatanga o te ao hou, me mahi tahi te whakatika i te anomie ki te whakapakari i te hononga hapori, te whakatairanga i ngā kaupapa here whakauru, me te whakatipu hononga whai tikanga. Mā te mārama me te aro ki ngā pūtake o te anomie, ka taea e tātou te hanga i tētahi hapori pakari ake, he hapori taurite ake hoki mō te katoa.
