Te Hapori o te Ture me tōna Whakamahinga i roto i te Tika Hapori
I tēnei ao e tino uaua haere ana, kua noho te taunekeneke i waenganui i te ture me te hapori hei kaupapa nui hei rangahau. I a tātou e whakatere ana i tētahi whenua e tohuhia ana e ngā kore taurite pāpori, te kore pumau o te tōrangapū, me ngā rerekētanga ōhanga, ka mārama tātou me pēhea te hiranga o ngā ture ki te whakakaha, ki te aukati rānei i te tika pāpori. Koinei te wāhi e uru mai ai te hapori pāpori o te ture, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga tino nui ki te mahi me te pānga o ngā pūnaha ture. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te hapori pāpori o te ture, e tūhuratia ana ōna kaupapa ariā me te tono mahi ki te whakatairanga i te tika pāpori.
He aha te Hapori Ture?
Ko te hapori ture he kaupapa iti i roto i te hapori e aro ana ki ngā whanaungatanga uaua i waenga i te ture, ngā umanga ture, me te hapori. E pātai ana i te nui o te awe o ngā āhuatanga hapori ki ngā anga ture, me pēhea hoki te hurihanga o ēnei ture i ngā hanganga hapori. Mā te tirotiro i ngā horopaki hapori whānui, tae atu ki ngā tikanga ahurea, ngā pēhanga ōhanga, me ngā hihiri tōrangapū, ka whakaratohia e te hapori ture he tirohanga whānui mō te tūranga o te ture i roto i ngā āhuatanga hapori.
E whakamahi ana tēnei mara i ngā ariā a ngā tohunga pāpori tawhito pērā i a Max Weber, Émile Durkheim, me Karl Marx. I tirotirohia e Weber te whakamāramatanga o te ture me tōna tūranga i roto i ngā kāwanatanga tari hou, i whakanuia e Durkheim te tūranga o te ture ki te pupuri i te kotahitanga pāpori, ā, i tirotirohia e Marx te mahi a ngā ture hei taputapu mā te hunga rangatira ki te pupuri i te mana.
Nga Kaupapa Tikanga
He maha ngā ariā matua e whakamārama ana i te pāpori o te ture:
1. Te Hanganga Mahi: Ko tēnei tirohanga, i ahu mai i ngā mahi a Durkheim me Talcott Parsons i muri mai, e whakapae ana he mea nui ngā ture ki te pupuri i te tikanga me te kotahitanga o te hapori. Ko ngā ture he piripiri e pupuri ana i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te hapori, e āwhina ana i te mahi tahi me te whakaiti i ngā pakanga.
2. Ariā Taupatupatu: Ka werohia e te tirohanga taupatupatu a Karl Marx te tirohanga mahi-ā-ringa mā te tautohe ko ngā ture te mea nui hei painga mō te hunga whai mana, ā, ka mau tonu ngā kore taurite pāpori. E whakapae ana tēnei ariā ko ngā hanganga ture e mahi ana mō ngā painga o ngā rōpū rangatira, me te whakawhāiti i te hunga rawakore.
3. Te Taunekeneke Tohu: Ko tēnei tātari taumata-iti, i ahu mai i ngā mahi a George Herbert Mead rāua ko Herbert Blumer, e tūhura ana i te whakamārama me te tauhohe a ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū ki ngā ture. Mā tēnei tirohanga, kāore te ture e tirohia hei hanganga pumau engari hei tukanga hihiri i hangaia e ngā taunekeneke me ngā tikanga tangata.
4. Te Whakapūmau Ture: E whakaae ana tēnei huarahi ki te noho tahi o ngā pūnaha ture maha i roto i te ao pāpori kotahi, tae atu ki ngā ture ā-rohe, ngā ture whakapono, ngā ture tikanga, me ētahi atu. E whakanui ana te whakapūmau ture i te kanorau me te uaua o ngā wheako ture puta noa i ngā rōpū me ngā horopaki rerekē.
5. Ngā Akoranga Ture Arohaehae (CLS): I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ka arotakehia e te CLS te whakaaro he koretake, he koretake hoki te ture. E kī ana ngā kaitautoko he mea tōrangapū ngā ture, e whakaata ana, e whakakaha ana hoki i ngā rerekētanga mana o te hapori.
Te Whakamahinga i roto i te Tika Hapori
Ko te whāinga o te tika pāpori he waihanga i tētahi hapori tika, taurite hoki, e aro ana ki ngā rerekētanga o te taonga, te mana, me ngā whai wāhitanga. He mea nui te pāpori pāpori o te ture ki tēnei kaupapa mā te tirotiro me pēhea e taea ai e ngā ture te pupuri, te whakakore rānei i ngā kore taurite.
1. Te Whakahoutanga o te Ture Taihara: E whakaatu ana ngā tātaritanga pāpori o ngā pūnaha ture i te pānga taurite kore o ngā ture taihara ki ngā hapori e noho tahaetia ana. Hei tauira, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he nui ake te tūponotanga o te aukati, te rapu, te hopu, me te whiu kino i ngā iwi tokoiti ki ō rātou hoa Pākehā. Mā te whakaatu i ēnei whakaaro pōhēhē, ka tautoko te pāpori o te ture i ngā whakahoutanga pēnei i te whakakore i te hara o ētahi hara, te whakatinana i te pirihimana hapori, me te whakarite i ngā mahi whiu tika.
2. Te Tauritekore o te Ōhanga: He nui te pānga o ngā ture e whakahaere ana i te mahi, te taake, me te whakahaere a ngā kamupene ki ngā rerekētanga ōhanga. Ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga hapori te āhua o te tiaki a ngā ture mahi i ngā kaimahi—ina koa ko te hunga kei roto i te mahi iti te utu, he mahi mōrearea—mā te tautoko i ngā utu tika, ngā tikanga mahi haumaru, me ngā tika ki te whiriwhiri tahi. Ka tirotirohia hoki ngā ture taake kia kore ai e taumaha rawa ki te hunga rawakore, engari e whai hua ana ki te hunga whai rawa.
3. Ngā Tika Tangata: He mahi nui tā te hapori ture ki te whakatairanga i ngā tika tangata mā te whakamārama i ngā mahi whakahāwea me ngā arai hanganga. Mai i ngā tika pōti ki te whakahāwea whare, ka whakaratohia e ngā tohunga hapori ture ngā taunakitanga e tika ana mō ngā wero ture me ngā whakahoutanga kaupapa here. Ko ngā wikitoria nui mō ngā tika tangata ka puta mai i te whakakotahitanga o te rangahau hapori, te tautoko tūmatanui, me te tautohe rautaki.
4. Te Ōritetanga o te Ira Tangata: Ko te ariā ture wahine, he peka o te hapori ture, e arotake ana i te āhua o te pupuri a ngā ture i ngā whakahāwea me ngā kore ōritetanga o te ira tangata. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā take pēnei i te tutu i runga i te ira tangata, te whakahāwea i te wāhi mahi, me ngā tika whānau uri. Ka tautoko ngā tohunga hapori wahine i ngā whakahoutanga e whakatairanga ana i te ōritetanga o te ira tangata, pēnei i te whakatinana i ngā ture pakari mō te tutu ā-whare, te whakarite i te utu ōrite mō te mahi ōrite, me te tiaki i te herekoretanga whānau uri.
5. Te Tika Hauora: Ka hono te pāpori o te ture ki te hauora tūmatanui mā te aro ki te pānga o ngā anga ture ki ngā rerekētanga hauora. Hei tauira, ka tūhuratia pea e ngā tohunga pāpori te whai wāhi a ngā ture whare ki ngā kore taurite hauora, me te pehea rānei e aukati ai ngā arai ture i te urunga atu ki te hauora mō ngā rōpū e noho tahaetia ana. Kātahi ka taea te whakaaro i ngā whakarerekētanga ture hei waihanga i ngā hapori hauora ake, tika ake hoki.
Te Tūranga o ngā Nekehanga Hapori
He maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā rōpū pāpori hei kaiwhakaoho i ngā huringa ture, e akiaki ana i ngā ture e hangai ana ki ngā mātāpono tika pāpori. Ko ngā rōpū pēnei i a Black Lives Matter, MeToo, me ngā kaupapa tika āhuarangi e whakamahi ana i ngā rangahau pāpori hei whakaatu i ngā hē ā-pūnaha me te whakaoho i te tautoko a te marea mō ngā whakahoutanga ture. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te pāpori o te ture anake te mea e whakamōhio ana i ēnei rōpū engari e whai hua ana hoki i ō rātou tirohanga taketake, e hanga ana i tētahi whanaungatanga tauutuutu e whakatairanga ana i te tika pāpori.
Nga wero me nga ahunga a meake nei
Ahakoa ōna takoha, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te hapori ture. Ko tētahi arai nui ko te āputa i waenga i te rangahau hapori me te mahi ture. Kāore ngā māramatanga mātauranga e puta tonu mai i ngā huringa kaupapa here mahi, e hiahiatia ana he tikanga pakari ake hei whakakī i tēnei wehewehenga. Hei tāpiri, ko te uaua o ngā tuakiri pāpori me ngā tauritekore e hono tahi ana e hiahia ana kia mārama ake ki te pānga o ngā ture ki ngā rōpū rerekē.
I te anga whakamua, me aro atu te hapori ture ki ngā take hou pēnei i te tūmataitinga matihiko, te tika taiao, me te hekenga ā-ao. Me whai anga ariā hou me ngā tikanga auaha mō ēnei wero. He mea nui anō hoki ngā mahi tahi a ngā marautanga maha, me te whakamahi i ngā māramatanga mai i te mahi hara, te pūtaiao tōrangapū, te ōhanga, me ētahi atu, ki te whakawhānui ake i te pānga o te mara.
Opaniraa
He nui ngā tirohanga whakahirahira a te hapori ture mō te tūranga o ngā pūnaha ture i roto i te hapori. Mā te tātari i te āhua o te hanganga o ngā ture e ngā hanganga hapori, me te āhua o ēnei, ka whakaratohia e tēnei mara he tirohanga nui ki te whai i te tika hapori. Ahakoa mā te whakahou i te tika taihara, te ōritetanga ōhanga, te tautoko i ngā tika tangata, te ōritetanga ira tangata, te tika hauora rānei, ka taea e te whakamahinga o ngā mātāpono hapori te akiaki i ngā huringa ture me te pāpori whai tikanga. I a tātou e aro atu ana ki ngā uauatanga o te hapori o nāianei, ka noho tonu te hapori ture hei taputapu nui i roto i te rapu i tētahi ao tika ake.
