Te Ariā Hanganga i roto i ngā Akoranga Hapori
Ko te hanganga, i puta ake hei kaupapa hinengaro matua i waenganui o te rautau 20, kua tino awe i ngā momo mara, tae atu ki te hapori, te mātauranga tangata, me te arotake tuhituhi. I ahu mai i te reo, e tuku ana i tētahi anga mō te mārama ki te ahurea tangata, te hapori, me te hinengaro mā te arotahi ki ngā hanganga - ngā tauira me ngā pūnaha matua e hanga ana i ngā whanonga tangata, ngā umanga, me ngā whakapono. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te mauri o te hanganga i roto i ngā rangahau hapori, me te whai i ōna takenga mai, ngā ariā matua, me te pānga roa ki te mara.
Ngā Pūtake me te Pūtake Hinengaro
I ahu mai te hanganga i ngā mahi matua a te tohunga reo o Huiterangi, a Ferdinand de Saussure, nāna nei ngā whakaaro matua i whakatakoto i te tūāpapa mō ngā tohunga whakaaro o muri mai. He mea hou te ariā a Saussure mō te tohu reo, arā, ko te 'kaitohu' (oro/ahua) me te 'tohu' (ariā). I whakapae ia kāore te tikanga o te reo e puta mai i ngā āhuatanga tūturu engari i ngā rerekētanga me ngā whanaungatanga i roto i tētahi pūnaha hanganga. Ko tēnei aro nui ki ngā hanganga whanaungatanga te tūāpapa o te hanganga.
Nā Claude Lévi-Strauss, e kiia ana ko te matua o te hanganga i roto i te mātauranga tangata, i whakawhānui ake ngā tirohanga reo a Saussure ki te ako i te ahurea tangata. I tautohe a Lévi-Strauss ko ngā āhuatanga rerekē me te kanorau o ngā ahurea tangata (ngā pūrākau, te whanaungatanga, ngā kawa) ka taea te mārama mā roto i ngā hanganga kei raro e whakaata ana i ngā tauira taketake o te whakaaro tangata. I whakaatuhia e āna rangahau he ao whānui ēnei hanganga, e whiti ana i ngā horopaki ahurea motuhake.
Nga Tikanga Matua i roto i te Hangahanga
He maha ngā ariā matua e tautokona ana e te hanganga i roto i ngā rangahau pāpori:
1. Ngā Whakahē Rua:
E kī ana te ariā hanganga, ko te hinengaro tangata me ngā āhuatanga ahurea he mea hanga mā roto i ngā taupatupatu rua – he takirua o ngā huānga rerekē e tautuhi ana, e whakawhirinaki ana tetahi ki tetahi (hei tauira, te taiao/ahurea, te tāne/te wahine). Ka waihangahia e ēnei takirua taupatupatu te tikanga, ā, ka whakarite i ngā wheako tirohanga.
2. Ngā Hononga Pūnaha:
Ka arotahi te hanganga ki ngā āhuatanga whanaungatanga i roto i tētahi pūnaha, kaua ki ngā huānga takitahi. Ka whakanuia te hononga me te awe o ngā huānga tetahi ki tetahi i roto i tētahi hanganga whānui, e whakatau ana i te tikanga me te mahi.
3. Tātaritanga Tukutahi me te Tātaritanga Whakawhitiwhiti:
Ko te tātaritanga tukutahi te kaupapa matua a ngā tohunga hanganga – arā, ko te tirotiro i ngā hanganga i tētahi wā motuhake – kaua ko te tātaritanga ā-wā, e tirotiro ana i te whanaketanga o mua. Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea te whakamārama i ngā pūnaha me ngā tauira e hanga ana i ngā āhuatanga pāpori o nāianei.
4. Ngā Hanganga Kore-Mōhio:
I raro i te mana o te hinengaro tātaritanga, e whakapono ana ngā tohunga hanganga he pānga ngā hanganga hinengaro kore mohio ki ngā whanonga tangata me ngā umanga pāpori. Ka mahi ēnei hanganga i raro i te mata, ka hanga i ngā tirohanga me ngā mahi me te kore e mārama.
Ngā tono i roto i ngā Akoranga Hapori
Kua whakamahia te ariā hanganga ki ngā momo mara o te pāpori, e whakaatu ana i tōna whānui me tōna hōhonutanga.
Ngā Akoranga Ahurea me ngā Pūrākau
Ko te tātaritanga hanganga a Claude Lévi-Strauss mō ngā pūrākau tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tino rongonui o te hanganga. Mā te wetewete i ngā pūrākau mai i ngā ahurea kanorau, i whakakitea e Lévi-Strauss ngā āhuatanga ōrite o te hanganga, me te kī he taputapu hinengaro ngā pūrākau hei whakatau i ngā whakahē me ngā taupatupatu rua i roto i te hinengaro tangata. Nā tēnei huarahi hanganga i whakarato he anga kotahi hei mārama ki te mahi me te tikanga o ngā pūrākau puta noa i ngā ahurea.
Te Whanaungatanga me ngā Hanganga Hapori
I roto i te rangahau i te whanaungatanga, kua tukuna e te hanganga he tirohanga hōhonu ki te whakaritenga me te mahi a ngā whanaungatanga pāpori. Ko te tātaritanga a Lévi-Strauss mō ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga, inā koa i roto i "Ngā Hanganga Taketake o te Whanaungatanga," i whakaatu ko te whanaungatanga e whakahaerehia ana e ngā ture me ngā hanganga e ahu atu ana i ngā ahurea takitahi. E whakaata ana ēnei hanganga i ngā mātāpono whānui o te hinengaro tangata me te whakaritenga pāpori, e wero ana i ngā whakamaoritanga o mua e aro nui ana ki te iwi.
Te Reo me te Whakawhitiwhiti
I runga i te ariā reo a Saussure, kua tino pā te hanganga ki te rangahau pāpori mō te reo me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Ko te arotahi ki ngā hanganga i roto i ngā pūnaha reo kua pā ki ngā ariā o te kōrero, te ariā, me te hanganga pāpori o te tikanga. Kua whakamahia e ngā tohunga pāpori ngā mātāpono hanganga hei tātari i te āhua o te reo e hanga ana i ngā mooni pāpori, ngā hihiri mana, me te hanganga tuakiri.
Ngā Arotakenga me te Whanaketanga
Ahakoa ōna takoha, kua whakahēngia te hanganga, ā, kua tino whanake haere.
Te Whakaiti me te Whakatau
E kī ana ngā kairīti he tino whakatau rawa te hanganga, ka whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga pāpori uaua ki ngā hanganga pakari me ngā whakahē rua. Tērā pea ka warewarehia e tēnei whakaitiiti te mana takitahi, te horopaki hītori, me te rere o te huringa pāpori. Kua whakahēngia hoki te aro nui ki te tātaritanga tukutahi mō te kore e aro ki ngā āhuatanga hītori me te āhua hihiri o ngā hanganga pāpori.
Te Hanganga-muri me tua atu
Hei whakautu i ēnei herenga, kua whakawhānuihia, kua arotakehia hoki e ngā tohunga ariā hanganga-muri, tae atu ki a Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, me Pierre Bourdieu, ngā mātāpono hanganga-muri. Ka werohia e te hanganga-muri te ariā o ngā hanganga pumau, me te whakanui i te rere, te tūponotanga, me te maha o ngā tikanga me ngā whanaungatanga mana. Ahakoa e mau tonu ana ngā māramatanga hanganga-muri, ka whakauruhia e ia te tātari hītori me te taunekeneke o te mana whakahaere me te hanganga, ka tukuna he māramatanga matatau ake mō ngā āhuatanga pāpori.
Pānga Tuturu ki te Hapori
Ahakoa ngā arotake me te putanga mai o te ariā hanganga-muri, kei te mau tonu te awe o te ariā hanganga ki te hapori pāpori. Kua whakaratohia he anga pakari mō te tātari i ngā tauira hohonu me ngā hanganga hinengaro e whai pānga ana ki te oranga pāpori. Kei te haere tonu ngā mātāpono hanganga ki te whakamōhio i ngā rangahau hapori o nāianei i roto i ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā rangahau ahurea, te tuakiri, ngā whanaungatanga mana, me te hanganga pāpori o te mātauranga.
Heoi anō, kei tua atu i ngā tono motuhake te taonga tuku iho o te hanganga, e hanga ana i ngā tautohetohe ariā me ngā huarahi tikanga i roto i te hapori pāpori. Nā tōna aro nui ki te tātari whanaungatanga me ngā hanganga o raro o te tikanga i whakaoho i ngā kōrero whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga, e whakarei ake ana i te whakaaro pāpori.
Opaniraa
Kua tino pā te hanganga ki ngā rangahau pāpori, e tuku ana i ngā māramatanga ki ngā hanganga matua e hanga ana i te ahurea tangata, te hinengaro, me te whakaritenga pāpori. Ahakoa e anga atu ana ki ngā whakahē me te whanake haere i roto i ngā arotakenga whai muri i te hanganga, kei te haere tonu ōna mātāpono taketake ki te whakamōhio i ngā whakaaro pāpori o nāianei. Mā te whakanui i ngā tauira, ngā whanaungatanga, me ngā hanganga hohonu o te tikanga, kua whakarei ake te hanganga i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā uauatanga o te oranga pāpori me ngā wheako tangata. I te whanaketanga tonu o te pāpori, kei te noho tonu te taonga tuku iho hanganga hei tohutoro nui, e ārahi ana i ngā tohunga i roto i tā rātou rapunga ki te wetewete i te kupenga uaua o te mooni pāpori.
