Te Hononga i waenganui i te Hapori me te Anthropology
I roto i te ao o ngā pūtaiao pāpori, ka puta te hapori me te mātauranga tangata hei kaupapa honohono hohonu, e tuku ana i ngā tirohanga ahurei engari he tautoko hoki mō ngā whanonga tangata, ngā hapori, me ngā ahurea. E whai ana ngā mara e rua ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga uaua o te oranga tangata, ahakoa e whakatata atu ana ki tēnei whāinga mā roto i ngā tirohanga rerekē. Mā te tirotiro i te hononga i waenga i te hapori me te mātauranga tangata ka kitea he taupatupatu nui i roto i ā rāua tikanga, whāinga, me ngā māramatanga, ā, i te mutunga ka whai wāhi atu ki te māramatanga whānui ake mō te oranga pāpori tangata.
Te Papamuri o mua me te Whanaketanga
He rerekē ngā pūtake hītori o te mātauranga hapori me te mātauranga tangata, engari kua honoa tata tonu ō rāua whanaketanga. Ko te mātauranga hapori, e tautuhia ana ko te ako i te hapori, i puta mai i te rautau 19 hei whakautu i ngā huringa hapori tere i puta mai i te ahumahi me te ao hou. Ko ngā whakaaro nui pērā i a Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, me Max Weber i whai kia mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te tikanga hapori, te huringa hapori, me ngā āhuatanga e awe ana i ngā whanonga tangata i roto i ngā hapori hou.
Ko te tikanga tangata, i ahu mai i ngā kupu Kariki mō te "tangata" (anthropos) me te "ako" (logos), i ahu mai hei kaupapa ako e aro ana ki te ako i ngā ahurea kanorau, inā koa ngā hapori ehara i te Hauāuru. I whanake i te wā o te horapa me te tūhuratanga koroni, me ngā tohunga tikanga tangata o mua pērā i a Franz Boas, Bronisław Malinowski, me Alfred Radcliffe-Brown e whakanui ana i te whanaungatanga ahurea me te mahi mara tikanga tangata hei mea nui ki te mārama ki ngā ahurea tangata.
Ahakoa ngā rerekētanga o ngā tīmatanga, kua whanake ngā marautanga e rua mā te tango i ngā ariā me ngā tikanga mai i a rātou anō. Ka kitea tēnei taunekeneke uaua i roto i ngā huarahi maha, mai i ngā mahi rangahau tahi ki ngā anga ariā taupatupatu.
Ngā āhuatanga ōrite i roto i ngā tikanga rangahau
Ko tētahi hononga nui i waenga i te hapori pāpori me te mātauranga tangata kei roto i ā rāua tikanga rangahau ōrite. E whakamahi ana ngā marautanga e rua i ngā tikanga kounga me ngā tikanga tauanga hei tirotiro i ngā whanonga tangata me ngā āhuatanga pāpori. Ko ngā tikanga kounga, pērā i te mātauranga iwi, te mātakitaki whai wāhi, me ngā uiuinga hōhonu, he mea nui i roto i te mātauranga tangata engari e whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki i roto i te mātauranga tangata hei kohikohi raraunga whai kiko, horopaki mō ngā wheako o te tangata takitahi. Mā ēnei tikanga ka taea e ngā kairangahau te tūhura i ngā tikanga ahurea, ngā taunekeneke pāpori, me ngā tikanga mai i te tirohanga a te tangata o roto.
Ko ngā tikanga tauanga, tae atu ki ngā rangahau, ngā whakamātautau, me te tātari tatauranga, he mea nui i roto i te hapori pāpori hei mārama ki ngā tauira pāpori whānui me te whakamātautau i ngā whakapae. Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā huarahi tauanga hei tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā au o te taupori, ngā hanganga whanaungatanga, me ngā pūnaha ōhanga. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga kounga me te tauanga ka taea e ngā kairangahau i ngā mara e rua te whakatutuki i tētahi māramatanga whānui ake mō ngā āhuatanga pāpori.
Heoi anō, e whakanui ana ngā marautanga e rua i te hiranga o te rangahau whakatairite. He maha ngā wā ka whakatauritea e ngā tohunga hapori ngā rōpū pāpori, ngā umanga, ngā hapori rānei hei tautuhi i ngā tauira me ngā rerekētanga, ko ngā tohunga tātai tangata ia e aro nui ana ki ngā whakatairite ahurea-maha hei hura i ngā āhuatanga whānui me ngā āhuatanga ahurea-motuhake o te oranga tangata. Mā tēnei tirohanga whakatairite ka whakamārama i ngā mātāpono matua e hanga ana i ngā whanonga tangata me te whakaritenga hapori.
Anga Kaupapa me nga Ariā
He maha ngā anga ariā me ngā ariā e tautokona ana e te mātauranga hapori me te mātauranga tangata e whakaatu ana i ō rāua hononga. Ko te mahi hanganga, te taunekeneke tohu, te ariā pakanga, me te ao muri-hou ētahi tauira o ngā ariā e whakamahia ana i ngā mara e rua hei tātari i ngā hanganga pāpori, ngā tukanga, me ngā tikanga.
Ko te ariā hanganga, i ahu mai i a Émile Durkheim, ā, i whakawhanakehia anō e ngā tohunga tātai tangata pērā i a AR Radcliffe-Brown, e titiro ana ki te hapori hei pūnaha matatini o ngā wāhanga e hono tahi ana e mahi tahi ana hei pupuri i te pumau me te tikanga. Ka whakamahia tēnei tirohanga hei ako i ngā umanga pāpori, ngā mahi ahurea, me ō rātou tūranga ki te pupuri i te taurite o te hapori.
Ko te taunekeneke tohu, i ahu mai i ngā mahi a ngā tohunga hapori pērā i a George Herbert Mead rāua ko Herbert Blumer, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o ngā tohu me ngā tikanga i roto i ngā taunekeneke tangata. Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā tohunga tangata tēnei tirohanga hei mārama ki te āhua o ngā tohu ahurea me ngā kawa e hanga ana i ngā tirohanga me ngā whanaungatanga pāpori o te tangata.
Ko te ariā pakanga, i ahu mai i te arotake a Karl Marx mō ngā hapori pūtea, e tirotiro ana i ngā whanaketanga mana, te kore taurite, me te huringa pāpori. E whakamahi ana ngā tohunga pāpori me ngā tohunga tātai tangata i tēnei anga hei tūhura i te akomanga, te iwi, te ira tangata, me ētahi atu momo wehewehenga pāpori me ngā pakanga e puta mai ana i roto i ngā hapori.
Ko te ao pou-hou, e wero ana i ngā kōrero nunui, e awhi ana i te kanorau, te koretake, me te wehewehe, kua awe i ngā kaupapa e rua. Ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hapori me ngā tohunga tātai tangata ngā tirohanga pou-hou hei tātari arohaehae i ngā ariā o te tuakiri, te ahurea, me te mana i roto i ngā hapori o nāianei.
Ngā Wāhi Whakawhiti me te Mahi Tahi
He maha ngā wāhanga rangahau e whakaatu ana i te hononga me te mahi tahi i waenga i te hapori pāpori me te mātauranga tangata. Ko ngā rangahau mō te ao whānui, te hekenga mai, me te ao whānui he tauira pai o ngā kaupapa e hono tahi ai ngā marautanga e rua ki te tuku tātaritanga whānui.
Ko te ao whānui, e tohuhia ana e te pikinga o te hononga me te whakawhitiwhiti ahurea, he pānga nui ki ngā hapori o te ao. Ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga hapori ngā pānga o te ao whānui ki ngā pūnaha ōhanga, te kore taurite pāpori, me te whakakotahitanga ahurea, ko ngā tohunga tātai tangata ia e tūhura ana i te āhua o te urutau, te ātete, te hurihanga rānei o ngā ahurea ā-rohe hei whakautu ki ngā awe o te ao. Mā ngā rangahau mahi tahi i tēnei wāhanga ka whakaratohia he māramatanga hohonu ki te taunekeneke uaua i waenga i ngā mana o te ao me te rohe e hanga ana i ngā oranga o te tangata.
Ka whai hua anō hoki ngā rangahau hekenga mai i te tohungatanga o ngā tohunga hapori me ngā tohunga tātai tangata. Ka tātarihia e ngā tohunga hapori ngā tauira hekenga, ngā kaupapa here, me te whakaurunga o ngā hekenga ki roto i ngā hapori manaaki, me te aro nui ki ngā āhuatanga hanganga me ngā whatunga pāpori. I tētahi atu taha, ka arotahi ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki ngā wheako o ngā hekenga, ngā whiriwhiringa tuakiri, me ngā huringa ahurea. Mā ēnei tirohanga katoa ka puta he māramatanga whānui mō te hekenga hei āhuatanga pāpori maha-āhua.
Ko te kaupapa ā-motu, e tirotiro ana i ngā hononga me ngā rerenga o te tangata, ngā taonga, ngā whakaaro, me te whakapaipai puta noa i ngā rohe o te motu, e whakaatu ana i te āhua whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga o te hapori me te mātauranga tangata. Ka rangahauhia e ngā kairangahau i ngā mara e rua te āhua o te hanga a ngā mahi ā-motu i ngā tuakiri, ngā hapori, me ngā umanga pāpori, e whakarato ana i tētahi tirohanga whakauru atu ki te oranga pāpori o nāianei.
Opaniraa
E kitea ana te hononga i waenga i te hapori me te mātauranga tangata i roto i ā rāua whāinga, tikanga, me ngā anga ariā. E whai ana ngā marautanga e rua ki te wetewete i ngā uauatanga o ngā whanonga tangata, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ngā tikanga ahurea, me te mahi tahi me te tango mai i a rāua anō hei whakarei ake i ā rāua tātaritanga. Mā te mōhio me te awhi i ō rāua hononga, ka taea tonu e ngā tohunga hapori me ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata te tuku māramatanga whai hua ki te āhua kanorau me te huri haere tonu o ngā hapori tangata. Ahakoa mā te rangahau whakatairite, te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā marautanga, te whakauru rānei i ngā tikanga kounga me te tauanga, ka whakatairangahia e te mahi tahi i waenga i te hapori me te mātauranga tangata he māramatanga hohonu ake, he mārama ake hoki mō te ao pāpori.
