Te Ariā o te Whaiaro me te Tuakiri Hapori i roto i te Hapori
I roto i te ao o te hapori pāpori, ko ngā ariā o te whaiaro me te tuakiri pāpori he mea tūāpapa, e whakamārama ana i te tirohanga a te tangata ki a ia anō me te whanaungatanga ki te ao pāpori whānui. He hononga hohonu ēnei hanganga, nā te mea kāore e taea te mārama katoa ki te whaiaro i waho o tōna horopaki pāpori, ā, ko te tuakiri pāpori he wāhanga nui o te whakaaro whaiaro a te tangata. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ēnei ariā kua honoa, ka ruku hohonu ki ō rātou pūtake ariā, ngā kaitautoko matua, me ō rātou pānga ki te mārama ki ngā whanonga tangata me ngā hanganga pāpori.
Te Whaiaro: Te Tirohanga Takitahi
Ko te ariā o te whaiaro te mea nui ki te mārama ki ngā wheako o te tangata. Ko te whaiaro te tohu o te tirohanga a te tangata ki tōna ake tuakiri me ōna āhuatanga whaiaro. He tino tangata nui a Charles Horton Cooley rāua ko George Herbert Mead, ā, kua tino whai hua ā rāua mahi ki te māramatanga pāpori mō te whaiaro.
Charles Horton Cooley: Te Whaiaro Tiro-Karāhe
Nā Cooley i whakauru te ariā o te "whaiaro-tirotiro", i whakamāramahia i roto i tana pukapuka Human Nature and the Social Order (1902). E kī ana tēnei whakaaro ka hangaia te ariā-whaiaro o te tangata takitahi mā roto i ngā taunekeneke pāpori. E ai ki a Cooley, e toru ngā wāhanga matua o te whaiaro-tirotiro:
1. Te whakaaro ki tō tātou āhua ki te aroaro o ētahi atu: Ka whakaarohia e tātou tātou anō mai i te tirohanga a ētahi atu.
2. Te whakaaroaro i te whakatau a taua āhua: Ka whakaarohia e tātou te āhua o te arotake a ētahi atu i a tātou.
3. Te kare ā-roto i runga i ngā whakatau kua kitea: Ka whakawhanakehia e tātou ngā kare ā-roto (pēnei i te whakapehapeha, te whakama rānei) i runga i ēnei aromatawai.
E whakaatu ana tēnei tukanga toru-āhua i te hanga a te urupare pāpori i tō tātou tuakiri whaiaro, e whakaatu ana i te āhua pāpori tūturu o te whaiaro.
George Herbert Mead: Te Whaiaro Hapori
I whakawhānui ake a George Herbert Mead i ngā āhuatanga pāpori o te whaiaro, inā koa mā roto i tana ariā o te taunekeneke tohu. I roto i te Mind, Self, and Society (1934), i wehewehe a Mead i waenga i ngā wāhanga "Au" me te "Au" o te whaiaro:
– Te “Ahau”: Ko te āhuatanga tūpono, motuhake o te tangata e tīmata ana i ngā mahi.
– Te “Au”: Te taha whakaaroaro, te taha pāpori i hangaia e ngā tumanakohanga me ngā tikanga a te hapori.
E whakaatu ana te anga a Mead i te taunekeneke hihiri i waenga i te takitahi me te awe pāpori. Ahakoa ko te "Au" te whakaaturanga o te mana whaiaro me te auahatanga, ko te "Au" e whakaata ana i te whai i ngā tikanga me te whakahoahoa. He mea nui ki te ariā a Mead te tūranga o "ētahi atu tangata nui" (ngā tāngata tata pēnei i te whānau me ngā hoa) me "ētahi atu whānui" (te hapori whānui), ko ō rātou tirohanga ka whakauruhia e tātou ki roto hei hanga i tētahi tuakiri whaiaro e hono ana.
Tuakiri Hapori: Te Mema Rōpū me ngā Hononga ā-Rōpū
Ahakoa e aro ana te ariā o te whaiaro ki ngā tirohanga takitahi, ka aro te tuakiri pāpori ki te hononga o te tangata ki ngā rōpū pāpori. Ko te ariā tuakiri pāpori, i whakawhanakehia e Henri Tajfel rāua ko John Turner, e whakarato ana i tētahi anga pakari mō te mārama ki tēnei āhuatanga.
Ariā Tuakiri Hapori (SIT)
E kī ana te ariā tuakiri pāpori ko te ariā whaiaro o te tangata takitahi i ahu mai i tōna noho ki roto i ngā rōpū pāpori. E ai ki ngā mahi matua a Tajfel rāua ko Turner (1979), e toru ngā tukanga matua o te SIT:
1. Te Whakarōpūtanga Hapori: Te whakarōpūtanga o ngā tāngata takitahi (tae atu ki a koe anō) ki ngā rōpū i runga i ngā āhuatanga ōrite. Mā tēnei whakarōpūtanga ka māmā ake te ao pāpori, ā, ka waihangahia he wairua o te raupapa.
2. Te Tāutuhi Hapori: Ko te tukanga e tangohia ai e te tangata te tuakiri o te rōpū kua whakarōpūtia e rātou. Ka tīmata rātou ki te mahi i ngā huarahi e rite ana ki ngā tikanga me ngā uara o te rōpū.
3. Whakataurite Hapori: Te aromatawai i tō rōpū (i roto i te rōpū) i runga i te whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu rōpū (i waho o te rōpū). Ka whakatairangahia e tēnei tukanga te motuhaketanga o te rōpū, ā, ka whakarei ake i te whakaaro nui ki a ia anō mā roto i ngā whakataurite pai.
E whakaatu ana te SIT i te hiranga o ngā whanonga ā-rōpū ki te hanga i ngā whanonga me ngā waiaro o te tangata takitahi. Mā ngā mema o te rōpū ka whakawhiwhia te tangata ki te wairua nō roto me te mana motuhake, engari ka taea hoki e ēnei te arahi ki ngā pakanga me te whakahāwea i waenga i ngā rōpū ina kitea ngā rōpū o waho he tūmomo mōrearea.
Te Hononga i waenganui i te Whaiaro me te Tuakiri Hapori
Ehara te tuakiri pāpori me te tuakiri tangata i ngā hanganga takitahi; engari, he uaua te taunekeneke. Ka taea e te tuakiri pāpori te awe nui i te ariā whaiaro, me te ritenga kē.
Te Mōhiotanga Tuakiri me te Horopaki
He mea nui te horopaki ki te whakatau ko tēhea āhuatanga o te tuakiri e tino kitea ana i tētahi wā. Tērā pea ka kitea nuitia te tuakiri pāpori i roto i ngā horopaki e whakanuia ana te mema o te rōpū (hei tauira, he hakari ahurea), ko te tuakiri whaiaro ia (tuakiri whaiaro) ka kitea nuitia i roto i ngā wāhi piripono (hei tauira, he huihuinga whānau). Ko te rere me te whakawhirinakitanga o te horopaki ki te tuakiri e whakaatu ana i te āhua maha o te whaiaro me te tuakiri pāpori.
Whiriwhiringa Tuakiri
Ka whiriwhiri tonu ngā tāngata i ō rātou tuakiri mā roto i ngā taunekeneke pāpori. Kei roto i tēnei whiriwhiringa te whakataurite i ngā hiahia whaiaro me ngā tumanakohanga pāpori. Hei tauira, tera pea ka uaua ki te tangata te whakataurite i tōna tuakiri ngaio me ōna whakapono whaiaro i roto i te wāhi mahi. E whakaatu ana ēnei whiriwhiringa i te āhua o te whaiaro he hanganga whaiaro, he hua pāpori hoki.
Ngā Pānga mō te Mārama ki te Whanoke Tangata
He pānga nui tō ngā ariā o te tangata me te tuakiri pāpori ki te mārama ki ngā whanonga tangata me ngā hanganga pāpori. Ka tukuna he māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē, tae atu ki ngā whanaketanga rōpū, te whakahāwea, me te hononga pāpori.
Ngā Hinengaro me ngā Whanoke o te Rōpū
Mā te mārama ki te tuakiri pāpori ka āwhina i te whakamārama i ngā whanonga rōpū, pērā i te mahi tahi, te whai i ngā tikanga, me te mahi tahi. Ka whakamāramahia he aha ka whai ai ngā tāngata i ngā tikanga rōpū, ahakoa te utu mō ō rātou ake hiahia, kia mau tonu ai te tuakiri pāpori pai me te kotahitanga rōpū.
Te Whakatoe me te Whakakahoretanga
Mā te ariā tuakiri pāpori ka whakaratohia he anga mō te mārama ki te whakahāwea me te whakahāwea i waenga i ngā rōpū. Mā te whakataurite pai i waenga i ngā rōpū-roto me ngā rōpū-waho ka arahi pea ki ngā whakahāwea me te mauahara ki ngā mema o waho o te rōpū. He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei āhuatanga hei whakawhanake i ngā wawaotanga hei whakaiti i te whakahāwea me te whakatairanga i te rangimarie pāpori.
Te Kotahitanga me te Whakaurunga Hapori
He mea nui te mahi a ngā tuakiri pāpori ki te whakatipu i te kotahitanga pāpori. Ka taea e ngā tuakiri whānui te waihanga i te kotahitanga me te tautoko tahi i roto i ngā rōpū, ka whai wāhi ki te pumau pāpori me te oranga tahi. Heoi, he mea nui te whakaurunga o ēnei tuakiri kia whānui ake ai te whakaurunga pāpori me te karo i te wehewehe.
Opaniraa
Ko ngā ariā o te tangata me te tuakiri pāpori te mea nui ki te rangahau pāpori, e whakarato ana i te māramatanga whānui mō te tirohanga a te tangata ki a ia anō me te whanaungatanga ki te ao pāpori. Ahakoa e ahu mai ana i ngā tirohanga takitahi, he nui te awe o ēnei hanganga e ngā taunekeneke pāpori me ngā mema rōpū. Nō reira, he māramatanga nui ki ngā whanonga tangata, te hononga pāpori, me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā rōpū. Mā te tūhura me te mārama ki ēnei ariā, ka taea e ngā tohunga pāpori te wetewete pai ake i ngā uauatanga o te hanganga tuakiri me ōna pānga ki te takitahi me te hapori.
