Te Tūranga o te Ira Tangata i roto i te Hapori
I roto i te ao pāpori, he wāhi nui, he whānui hoki te ako i te ira tangata. Ko te ira tangata, hei hanganga pāpori-ahurea, e hanga ana i ngā wheako, ngā tūranga, ngā whanonga, me ngā whai wāhitanga i roto i ia hapori. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te tūranga maha o te ira tangata i roto i te pāpori mā te tirotiro i tōna whakamāramatanga, te horopaki hītori, ngā anga ariā, me ōna pānga ki te hapori o nāianei.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Māramatanga o te Ira Tangata
He rerekē te ira tangata i te ira tangata, arā, ko ngā rerekētanga koiora i waenga i te tāne me te wahine. Heoi, ko te ira tangata e pā ana ki ngā tūranga, ngā whanonga, ngā mahi, ngā tumanakohanga, me ngā tikanga pāpori e pā ana ki ngā tāngata takitahi i runga i ō rātou ira tangata. Ko tēnei hanganga e whakahau ana i ngā rerekētanga pāpori i waenga i te tāne me te wahinetanga, ā, he tino awe ki te tuakiri, ngā hanganga pāpori, me ngā taunekeneke.
Horopaki Hītori o ngā Akoranga Ira Tangata
Kua tino whanake te rangahau i te ira tangata i roto i te hapori pāpori i roto i te rautau kua hipa. He maha ngā wā i whakapoauau ai ngā rangahau hapori tōmua i te ira tangata me te ira tangata koiora, ā, kāore i kitea te hohonutanga me te rerekētanga o te ira tangata hei hanganga pāpori. Nō ngā nekehanga wahine o ngā tau 1960 me 1970 ka puta te ira tangata hei wāhanga ako motuhake me te mea nui i roto i te hapori pāpori.
I roto i tana pukapuka "The Second Sex" a Simone de Beauvoir, i whakahēngia e ngā paionia ngā ariā tuku iho mō ngā tūranga ira tangata, me te tautohe kāore te tangata i whānau mai hei wahine engari ka noho hei wahine nā roto i ngā tumanakohanga me ngā tikanga a te hapori. Nā tēnei tirohanga i whakatakoto te tūāpapa mō te mārama ki te ira tangata hei āhuatanga hihiri, ā, he mea hanga ā-pāpori.
Ngā Anga Kaupapa i roto i ngā Akoranga Ira Tangata
He maha ngā anga ariā kua whakawhanakehia hei mārama me te tātari i te ira tangata i roto i te hapori pāpori. Anei ētahi o ngā mea tino whai mana:
1. Ariā Wahine: E whai ana tēnei anga ki te mārama me te aro atu ki ngā rerekētanga ira tangata me te tautoko i te tika o te ira tangata. He rerekē ngā tirohanga a ngā momo ariā wahine—tae atu ki te ariā wahine rīperare, te ariā wahine whakakeke, te ariā wahine pāpori, me te ariā wahine whakawhitiwhiti—mō ngā pūtake o te rerekētanga ira tangata, ā, he rerekē hoki ngā otinga e whakaarohia ana.
– Ko te kaupapa whakawhanaungatanga wahine rīperare e arotahi ana ki te whakatutuki i te ōritetanga o te ira tangata mā roto i ngā whakahoutanga ture me te tōrangapū.
– Ka tirohia e te kaupapa whakahirahira o te wahine te mana o te tāne me te wahine hei hanganga matua o te mana me te tukino.
– E hono ana te kaupapa wāhine pāpori i te kore taurite o te ira tangata ki ngā hanganga pāpori-ōhanga whānui.
– E whakaatu ana te kaupapa feminism intersectional a Kimberlé Crenshaw i te kaha ake o te whakahāwea ira tangata nā te taupatupatu o ngā tuakiri, tae atu ki te iwi, te karaehe, me te moepuku.
2. Ariā Takatāpui: Ka werohia e te ariā takatāpui te māramatanga rua mō te ira tangata me te moepuku. E whakapaetia ana he rerekē, he whanaungatanga ahurea ēnei rerekētanga, kaua ki te pumau me te taiao. Ka tūhuratia e ngā tohunga ariā takatāpui ngā whakaaturanga kanorau o te ira tangata, ā, ka arotakehia ngā hanganga heteronormative e whakataha ana i ngā tuakiri kore-rua me ngā tuakiri LGBTQ+.
3. Te Taunekeneke Tohu: E tirotiro ana tēnei tirohanga i te hanganga me te pupuri i te ira tangata mā roto i ngā taunekeneke o ia rā. E ai ki tēnei ariā, ka "mahi" te tangata i te ira tangata i roto i ō rātou oranga o ia rā, ka mahi i ngā tūranga e rite ana ki ngā tumanakohanga a te hapori. Ka whakakahangia ēnei mahi ira tangata mā te whakahoahoa, ā, ka mau tonu ngā tikanga o te wahinetanga me te tānetanga.
4. Te Mahi Hanganga: Ahakoa kāore i te tino kitea i ēnei rā nā tōna āhua matatika, ka whakamāramahia e te mahi hanganga ngā tūranga ira tangata i runga i tā rātou mahi ki te pupuri i te pumau o te hapori. Hei tauira, i kī a Talcott Parsons ko ngā tūranga ira tangata tuku iho, arā, ko ngā tāne hei kaimahi whānau, ko ngā wāhine hei kaitiaki kāinga, ka whai wāhi ki te maeneene o te mahi a te hapori.
Te Ira Tangata me ngā Whare Wānanga
Ngā awe o te ira tangata, ā, he maha ngā umanga pāpori e awehia ana, tae atu ki:
1. Whānau: Ko ngā hanganga me ngā tūranga o te whānau e ahu mai ana i ngā tikanga tuku iho o te ira tangata. Ko ngā pūnaha patriarchal he tikanga whānui e tohatoha ana i ngā kawenga rerekē ki ngā tāne me ngā wāhine, e pā ana ki te whakatau kaupapa, ki ngā nekehanga mana, me ngā mahi kare ā-roto i roto i ngā whare. Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga hapori te pānga o ēnei tikanga ki te oranga whānau me te whakatipu tamariki.
2. Mātauranga: Kei te kitea ngā rerekētanga ira tangata i roto i ngā whakatutukitanga mātauranga me ngā wheako. Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga hapori te pānga o ngā whakaaro ira tangata i roto i te marautanga, ngā tumanakohanga a ngā kaiako, me ngā taunekeneke a ngā hoa ki ngā putanga mātauranga. Kei roto i tēnei ko te iti o te whakaaturanga o ngā wāhine i roto i ngā mara STEM (Pūtaiao, Hangarau, Hangarau, Pāngarau) me te āhua o te aro atu a ngā tama ki ngā wero ki te pānui me te tuhituhi me te whakapuaki i ngā kare ā-roto.
3. Te Mahi me te Ōhanga: He hohonu te wehewehe i waenga i ngā ira tangata i roto i te mākete mahi, me ngā rerekētanga tonu o ngā utu, te wehewehe i waenga i ngā ira tangata i roto i ētahi mahi, me ngā whai wāhitanga kore taurite mō te whakatairanga i roto i te mahi. Ko ngā ariā pēnei i te "taupoki karāhe" me te "papa piri" e whakamārama ana he aha i uaua ai ngā wāhine ki te whiwhi tūranga kaiārahi, ki te mawhiti rānei i ngā mahi utu iti.
4. Hauora: Ka pā te ira tangata ki ngā putanga hauora me te urunga atu ki te tiaki hauora. Ka tātarihia e ngā tohunga hapori te pānga o ngā tūranga me ngā tumanakohanga ira tangata ki te hauora tinana me te hauora hinengaro, tae atu ki ngā take pēnei i ngā tika whānau uri, te tutu ira tangata, me ngā rerekētanga urunga atu ki te tiaki hauora.
5. Ngā mahi tōrangapū: He iti tonu te whakaaturanga o ngā wāhine me ngā ira tangata tokoiti i roto i ngā umanga tōrangapū. E tirotirohia ana e te rangahau mō te ira tangata i roto i te tōrangapū ngā arai ki te whai wāhi ki te tōrangapū, te pānga o te kaiārahi wahine, me ngā kaupapa here e aro ana ki te ōritetanga o te ira tangata.
Te Tauritekore o te Ira Tangata me ōna Huanga
He maha ngā huarahi e kitea ai te kore taurite i waenga i te ira tangata, tae atu ki ngā rerekētanga ōhanga, te tutu, me te iti o te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi me ngā whai wāhitanga. He take pāpori nui te tutu i waenga i te ira tangata, tae atu ki te tukino ā-whare, te whakatoi moepuku, me te hokohoko tangata. Kei te mau tonu te kore taurite ōhanga, me te iti iho o te whiwhinga a ngā wāhine i ngā tāne mō te mahi kotahi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka aro nui rātou ki ngā mahi iti te utu, koretake hoki.
Ngā Pānga ki te Huringa Hapori
He mea nui te mōhio ki te tūranga o te ira tangata i roto i te hanga i ngā wheako me ngā hanganga pāpori hei akiaki i te huringa pāpori. Ko ngā mahi hei whakatairanga i te ōritetanga ira tangata ko ngā whakahoutanga ture, ngā kaupapa mātauranga, ngā kaupapa whakamōhiotanga, me ngā kaupapa ā-iwi. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakatipu i ngā taiao whakauru e awhi ana i ngā tuakiri me ngā whakaaturanga ira tangata ka taea te wero i ngā tikanga tuku iho me te arahi ki ngā hapori tika ake.
Opaniraa
He whānui, he maha hoki ngā āhuatanga o te tūranga o te ira tangata i roto i te hapori pāpori. Mā te mārama ki te ira tangata hei hanganga pāpori ka āwhina i ngā tohunga hapori ki te tātari i ngā uauatanga o te tuakiri, te mana, me te kore taurite. Mā te tirotiro i te ira tangata mā roto i ngā anga ariā me ōna taunekeneke ki ngā umanga pāpori, ka taea e ngā tohunga hapori te hura i ngā hanganga hohonu e mau tonu ana te kore taurite, me te mahi ki te waihanga i tētahi hapori tika me te whānui ake. Ko te ako i te ira tangata ehara i te mea ko te mōhio ki ngā rerekētanga anake engari ko te wero me te whakarerekē i ngā pūnaha e mau tonu ana te kore taurite.
