Ngā Tikanga Matatika e Hangai ana ki te Hiranga o te Oranga: He Tūhuratanga o te Āhua me te Hiranga o te Matatika
Ko ngā tikanga matatika e ahu mai ana i te ngākau pono, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā tikanga matatika o te ngākau pono, he ariā matatika rongonui e whakanui ana i te tūranga o te āhua me ngā ngākau pono o te tangata, kaua ki ngā ture, ki ngā hua rānei i roto i te whakatau i ngā whanonga matatika. Hei kura whakaaro tawhito, pumau hoki, ka pātaihia e ngā tikanga matatika o te ngākau pono tētahi pātai nui: "He aha te momo tangata me noho ahau?" Kaua ki te "He aha te mahi me mahi e au?"
Ngā Pūtake me te Whanaketanga o ngā Tikanga Tika
I ahu mai ngā tikanga matatika o te ngākau pono i te rapunga whakaaro Kariki onamata, inā koa ngā takoha a Aristotle rāua ko Plato. Ko ngā "tikanga matatika a Nicomachean" a Aristotle, he tuhinga taketake i roto i tēnei ao, e kī ana ko te whāinga matua o te oranga tangata ko te "eudaimonia," he whakamaoritanga pinepine ko te tupu, ko te harikoa rānei. Ka tutuki tēnei tupu mā te whakatipu i ngā tikanga matatika pēnei i te whakaaro nui, te maia, te manawanui, me te tika.
He nui hoki te takoha a ngā whakaaro Platonic, me te whakaaturanga a Plato mō Hōkerete e whakaatu ana i te whai i te pai hei mea nui ki te oranga whai tikanga. Ko te aro nui ki te kounga matatika o roto me te whakamahinga o te whakaaro tika hei wehewehe i ngā ara pai ngā kaupapa matua e whakaatu ana i ngā pūtake tawhito o ngā tikanga pai.
Ahakoa i whakatakotohia e te tikanga tawhito te tūāpapa, i puta te whakaoranga o ngā tikanga matatika i te rautau 20, i whakatairangahia e ngā tohunga matatika pērā i a Elizabeth Anscombe, Alasdair MacIntyre, me Philippa Foot. E whakahē ana rātou i te mana o ngā anga deontological me ngā anga consequentialist, e tautoko ana i te hokinga ki ngā tikanga matatika Aristotelian e arotahi ana ki te āhua o te kaiwhakahaere matatika.
Ngā Kaupapa Matua o te Tikanga Pai
E aro ana ngā tikanga matatika o te ngākau pono ki ētahi ariā matua:
1. Ngā Huarahi Pai me ngā Kino: Ko ngā huarahi pai he āhuatanga pai, he āhuatanga rānei e kiia ana he pai ki te taha morare. Koinei te "waenga koura" i waenga i te taikaha me te ngoikore. Hei tauira, ko te maia te waenga i waenga i te mangere me te mataku. Ko ngā kino, i tetahi atu taha, he āhuatanga kino, e tohu ana i ngā pito rawa o ia taha o te huarahi pai.
2. Te Āhua Matatika: He rerekē ki ētahi atu ariā matatika e whakatakoto ana i ngā mahi motuhake, ko ngā tikanga matatika o te ngākau pono e whakanui ana i te āhua matatika. E kī ana ko te hanga i tētahi āhua matatika ka arahi noa ki ngā mahi matatika. Ko te whanaketanga o te āhua e kitea ana he tukanga mō te wā katoa, e hangaia ana e te whakatipuranga, ngā wheako, me te whakapau kaha.
3. Te Mātauranga Whai Hua (Phronesis): I whakanui a Aristotle i te mātauranga whai hua hei mea nui mō te pai. Ko te phronesis e pā ana ki te kaha ki te whakatau whakaaro nui, te mārama ki te huarahi tika mā te whakaaro nui me te wheako. Ka taea e te tangata te whakatere i ngā āhuatanga matatika uaua mā te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono whānui o te pai ki ngā horopaki motuhake.
4. Te Hapori me ngā Tauira Tūranga: Ka awehia hoki te oranga ngākau pai e te hapori me te noho mai o ngā tauira matatika. I whakapono a Aristotle ka whakawhanakehia te āhua i roto i te horopaki pāpori, e tautoko ana i tētahi taiao atawhai e taea ai te whakatipu i ngā ngākau pai. Ka whakaratohia e ngā tauira tūranga he tauira tūturu o te oranga ngākau pai, e tuku ana i te ārahi me te whakaaweawe.
Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Tikanga Tika
He tirohanga motuhake tā te matatika mō te ngākau pono i roto i ngā momo mara, mai i te whanaketanga whaiaro ki ngā matatika ngaio:
1. Te Whakawhanaketanga Whaiaro: Ko te kaupapa matua o te tikanga pai ko te whakapai ake i a koe anō me te whai kia eke ki te hiranga o te matatika. Ka akiaki i te whakaaroaro mō ngā uara me ngā mahi a te tangata, ka akiaki i te tangata ki te whakatipu i ngā tikanga pai pērā i te pono, te aroha, me te ngākau mahaki. E whakaatu ana tēnei huarahi matatika i te hiranga o te whakaaroaro me te tipu tonu i a koe anō.
2. Pakihi me te Kaiārahi: I roto i te ao umanga, ka taea e ngā tikanga matatika te ārahi i te kaiārahi matatika me te whakatau kaupapa. E kitea ana ngā kaiārahi hei māngai matatika, ā, ko ō rātou āhua me ō rātou ngākau pono ka awe i ā rātou mahi me te ahurea whakahaere. Mā te hanga i tētahi tikanga pakihi i runga i ngā tikanga matatika pēnei i te tika, te kawenga, me te whakaute ka arahi ki ngā mahi pumau me te matatika.
3. Ngā Tikanga Matatika Hauora: He maha ngā wā ka arahina ngā kaiwhakarato hauora e ngā tikanga matatika, e whakanui ana i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te aroha, te manaaki, me te uaua. Ka whakatairangahia e tēnei huarahi he mahi aroha me te arotahi ki te manawanui, e akiaki ana i ngā tākuta me ngā nēhi kia neke atu i te piri ki ngā tikanga me te whai wāhi ki ngā tūroro i runga i te taumata tangata.
4. Mātauranga: I roto i ngā wāhi mātauranga, ka tautokohia e ngā tikanga matatika te whanaketanga whānui, me te whakakotahi i te ako mātauranga me te mātauranga āhua. Ka taea e ngā kura me ngā whare wānanga te whakatipu i ngā tikanga matatika pēnei i te hihiri, te manawanui, me te atawhai, me te whakarite i ngā ākonga mō ngā wero matatika i tua atu i te akomanga.
Nga whakahee me nga wero
Ahakoa tōna huarahi whānui me te arotahi ki te āhua, kāore e kore ngā whakahē mō ngā tikanga matatika o te ngākau pono:
1. Te Kore o te Aratohu Mahi: E kī ana ngā kairīti he iti noa te aratohu a ngā tikanga matatika mō ngā mahi motuhake. He rerekē ki ngā tikanga matatika deontological me ngā ture mārama, ki te kaupapa whai hua rānei e aro ana ki ngā putanga, ka kitea te tikanga matatika he koretake te tuku tohutohu mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga motuhake.
2. Te Whakawhanaungatanga Ahurea: Tērā pea he ahurea motuhake ētahi o ngā tikanga pai, ka ara ake ngā pātai mō te whānui o ngā tikanga matatika o te tikanga pai. Ko te mea e kiia ana e tētahi ahurea he tikanga pai, tērā pea kāore e rite ki ngā uara o tētahi atu, ka wero i te whaihua o te ariā puta noa i ngā horopaki rerekē.
3. Te Uauatanga Matatika: He maha ngā wā ka uru ngā raruraru matatika ki ngā āhuatanga uaua ka taupatupatu ngā tikanga pai. Hei tauira, ka taupatupatu pea te pono me te atawhai i roto i tētahi horopaki ka pā kino pea te kōrero i te pono ki ngā kare ā-roto o te tangata. Me whai taurite ātaahua ngā tikanga matatika o te tikanga pai, ka uaua pea mēnā kāore he ture, he mātāpono rānei e mārama ana.
Tikanga i enei wa
I tēnei ao o nāianei, kei te tuku tonu ngā tikanga matatika i ngā māramatanga hohonu. I a ngā hapori e raru ana ki ngā wero matatika, mai i te oranga tonutanga o te taiao ki te tika pāpori, ko te whakatipu i te tikanga matatika ka whakarato i te kāpehu mō ngā mahi matatika. Mā te whakanui i ngā tikanga matatika me te pono o te matatika, ka poipoi te tikanga matatika i te ahurea o te kawenga me te kawenga.
Heoi anō, i tēnei wā e nui haere ana ngā mōhiohio me te whakatauritenga matatika, ka taea e te whakaaro nui o ngā tikanga matatika te whakapūmau i te tangata ki ngā mātāpono taketake o te pai o te tangata. Ka whakaū anō i te hiranga o te mātauranga matatika, ehara i te mea i roto i ngā whare wānanga anake engari i roto hoki i ngā whānau, i ngā hapori, me ngā wāhi mahi.
Opaniraa
He anga matatika ora tonu ngā tikanga matatika e ahu mai ana i te ngākau pono, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te āhua matatika me te whakatipu i ngā ngākau pono. He mea ahu mai i ngā tikanga matatika onamata, engari e whanake tonu ana, e tuku ana i tētahi huarahi whānui ki ngā tikanga matatika e hipa ana i ngā mahi me ngā hua noa iho.
Mā te whakatipu i ngā tikanga pai, ka taea e te tangata te whai i te oranga e tohuhia ana e te hiranga o te matatika me te tupu pono o te tangata. I roto i tēnei ao uaua me te tere hurihuri, ka whakamahara mai ngā mātāpono o te tikanga pai ki a tātou i te uara pumau o te kounga matatika o roto me te mana whakarerekē o te oranga pai.
