### Te Ariā Whaihua a Jeremy Bentham: He Tūhuratanga i te Mātāpono Harikoa Nui
I roto i te ao atawhai tangata me te hinengaro o te mutunga o te rautau 18 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, i kitea he tini o ngā kaipūkenga whai mana, engari he iti noa iho i waiho he tohu pumau pērā i a Jeremy Bentham. Hei matua whakatū o te kaupapa whai hua o ēnei rā, i whakaurua e Bentham tētahi rapunga whakaaro matatika i ahu mai i te mātāpono o te whai huatanga, te "mātāpono harikoa nui rawa atu" rānei, e mau tonu ana i roto i ngā kōrero matatika me ngā kōrero tōrangapū o ēnei rā.
#### Ngā Pūtake o te Whaihua a Bentham
I whai a Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), he tohunga whakaaro rongonui nō Peretānia, he tohunga ture, he kaiwhakahou pāpori, ki te whakatakoto i tētahi huarahi whaitake ki ngā tikanga matatika me te ture. Nā te kore e makona ki ngā kaupapa matatika e whakamahia whānuitia ana, he mea hou te kaupapa whai hua a Bentham i tana wehenga atu i ngā ture matatika whakarāpopoto, he maha ngā wā he mea whakapono.
Ko te kaupapa whai hua, e ai ki a Bentham, e ahu mai ana i te mātāpono o te whai hua, e kī ana ko te uara matatika o tētahi mahi ka whakatauhia e tōna takoha ki te harikoa whānui, ki te koa rānei o te tokomaha o te tangata. Nā Bentham i whakarapopoto tēnei whakaaro ki tētahi whakataukī māmā engari hohonu: "Ko te harikoa nui rawa atu o te tokomaha nui te mehua o te tika me te hē."
#### Te Tātaitanga o te Harikoa: Te Ine i ngā Whakataunga Matatika
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Bentham ko tana ngana ki te ine i te harikoa mā te mea i huaina e ia ko te "tātaitanga harikoa". Ko te whāinga o tēnei tikanga he ine i te harikoa me te mamae pea e puta mai ana i tētahi mahi, e whakarato ana i tētahi huarahi pūnaha ki te whakatau kaupapa matatika.
E whai whakaaro ana te tātaitanga felicific ki ētahi taurangi:
1. Kaha – He pēhea te kaha o te ahuareka, o te mamae rānei?
2. Te Roanga – Kia pēhea te roa o te harikoa, o te mamae rānei?
3. Te Tino Pūmau/Te Āhua Kore – He aha te tūponotanga ka puta te ahuareka, te mamae rānei?
4. Te Tahataha/Te Mamao – Kia pēhea te tere o te puta mai o te ahuareka, o te mamae rānei?
5. Te Huarahi – Ka arahi atu rānei te mahi ki te ahuareka ake, ki te ritenga kē rānei?
6. Te Parakore – Ka puta ake rānei te mamae i muri mai i te ahuareka, kāore rānei?
7. Te whānuitanga – E hia ngā tāngata ka pāngia?
I whakapono a Bentham mā te whakamahi i ēnei paearu, ka taea e ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā kaihanga ture te aromatawai i te taumaha o ā rātou mahi, me te whai kia nui ake te harikoa o te hapori.
#### Te Tūranga o te Hedonism i roto i te Whakaaro o Bentham
Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakaaro whai hua a Bentham ko te hedonism, arā, ko te ahuareka me te mamae ngā uara matua e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i ngā mahi matatika. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā e whakahēngia ana te hedonism mō tōna āhua māmā me tōna kaha ki te whakatika i ngā mahi matatika, he matatau ake te tirohanga a Bentham. I kite ia i te uaua o ngā wheako tangata me ngā momo āhuatanga o te ahuareka me te mamae, me te whakahē i te whakaaro ko te whakaaro whai hua anake e tautoko ana i te hiahia whai hua.
I wehewehe a Bentham i ngā momo ahuareka me ngā momo mamae, me te tautoko i tētahi māramatanga whānui mō te oranga o te tangata e waiho ana he wāhi mō te whakatutukitanga tinana me te hinengaro.
#### Ngā Pānga ki te Ture me te Kāwanatanga
I horapa atu te kaupapa whai hua a Bentham i tua atu i te matatika takitahi, tae atu ki te ao o te ture me te kāwanatanga. I kite ia i te kaupapa o te whai hua hei tūāpapa mō te whakahoutanga ture me ngā kaupapa here pāpori. I roto i tana mahi nui, "An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation" (1789), i tautohe a Bentham me hanga ngā ture hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga mā te whakatairanga i te harikoa nui mō te tini.
Nā tēnei huarahi whai hua i ārahi a Bentham ki te tautoko i ngā whakarerekētanga ahu whakamua, he maha i mua i tōna wā. I tautoko ia i ngā mātāpono manapori, te māramatanga ture, me te whakarerekētanga whare herehere, me te whakanui i te hiahia mō te whakaora, kaua ki te whiu noa iho, i ngā kaihara. Nā ngā whakaaro o Bentham anō hoki i whakatakoto te turanga mō ngā whanaketanga o muri mai i roto i te ōhanga oranga me te hanganga o te kāwanatanga oranga o ēnei rā.
#### Ngā Arotakenga me te Whanaketanga o te Whaihuatanga
Ahakoa tōna mana whai mana, he maha ngā whakahē i pā ki te kaupapa whai hua a Bentham, i tōna wā e ora ana, tae atu ki ngā kōrero rapunga whakaaro o nāianei. E kī ana ngā kairīti ka taea e te tātai whai hua te whakangawari rawa i ngā whakataunga matatika uaua, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamana i ngā mahi e takahi ana i ngā tika takitahi mēnā he pai ake aua mahi. Ko te wero o te ine me te whakataurite i ngā ahuareka me ngā mamae i runga i te whakaaro tika ka ara ake anō hoki ngā pātai mō te whakamahinga mahi a te tātai whai hua.
Heoi anō, kua whakahēngia te kaupapa whai hua mō tōna kaha ki te wareware i te uara tūturu o te tangata takitahi mā te whakaiti i ngā whakaaro matatika ki te tatau tau. Ko tēnei taupatupatu i waenga i te harikoa ā-rōpū me ngā tika takitahi he whenua momona mō te tautohetohe matatika.
Hei whakautu i ēnei whakahē, i whakatikatikahia e ngā tohunga whakaaro whai hua o muri mai pērā i a John Stuart Mill te ariā, i whakaurua mai ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā ahuareka teitei me ngā ahuareka iti, me te tautoko i te tiakitanga o ngā tika takitahi hei mea nui mō te harikoa whānui. I whakaarohia e tēnei "tikanga whai hua" ko te piri ki ngā ture e whakatairanga ana i te harikoa ka arahi ki ngā hua pai ake i te aromatawai takitahi i ngā mahi takitahi.
#### Taonga Tuku Iho me te Mana Tonu
He nui te pānga o te whai huatanga a Bentham ki ngā momo mara, mai i te rapunga whakaaro matatika me te tōrangapū ki te ōhanga me ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui. Ko te whakaaro matua me aromatawai ngā mahi i runga i ō rātou hua me ō rātou kaha ki te whakatairanga i te oranga tonutanga kei te noho tonu hei kaupapa matua i roto i ngā ariā me ngā mahi matatika.
Ko ngā mātāpono whaihua te pou o ngā kōrero o nāianei mō ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, inā koa i ngā wāhanga pēnei i te hauora, te oranga, me ngā tika kararehe. Ko Bentham tonu he kaitautoko nui mō te oranga kararehe, me te kī rongonui, "Ko te pātai ehara i te mea, Ka taea e rātou te whakaaro? kāore hoki, Ka taea e rātou te kōrero? engari, Ka taea e rātou te mamae?" Nā tēnei huarahi aroha ki ngā kararehe ehara i te tangata kua whai wāhi ki ngā tautohetohe o nāianei mō ngā tika kararehe me te maimoatanga matatika.
I roto i te ariā ture, ko te tohe a Bentham ki te māramatanga, te kawenga, me te whakahoutanga e whai pānga ana ki ngā mahi tonu ki te waihanga i ngā pūnaha ture tika, taurite hoki. Nā tana mahi matua i roto i te tātaritanga o te ture me te kāwanatanga i whakaaweawe i ngā whakatipuranga o ngā tohunga ture me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here.
#### Whakamutunga
Nā te whai huatanga a Jeremy Bentham i whakatakoto te tūāpapa mō tētahi huarahi whai take, whai hua hoki ki ngā tikanga matatika me ngā kaupapa here pāpori. Mā te mātāpono o te whai huatanga, i whakaaro a Bentham me aro ngā mahi a te tangata me ngā hanganga whakahaere ki te whakanui ake i te harikoa me te whakaiti i te mamae. Ahakoa kua whanake haere ōna whakaaro, ā, kua puta he tautohetohe, ko te mauri o te whai huatanga a Bentham kei te noho tonu hei tirohanga kaha me te whai mana i roto i te rapu tonu ki te waihanga i tētahi hapori tika ake, atawhai tangata ake.
