Te Ariā o te Harikoa a Epikurus: He Haerenga ki Ataraxia me Aponia
Ko Epikurus, he tohunga whakaaro Kariki tawhito i whānau i te tau 341 BCE, i whakatapua e ia te nuinga o tōna oranga me ana whakaakoranga ki te kaupapa o te harikoa. Ko tana rapunga whakaaro, e mōhiotia ana ko te Epikureanism, he mea whai mana puta noa i te hītori, ā, kei te whai tikanga tonu i ēnei rā. Kei te ngākau o te Epikureanism te ariā o te harikoa, i tautuhia e Epikurus ko te āhua o te ataraxia (te marino) me te aphonia (te kore mamae). Mā te mārama ki ana whakaaro me te whakamahi i aua whakaaro ki te ao o nāianei, ka kitea e te tangata he ara ki te harikoa pono.
I whakatūria e Epikurus tana kura, e mōhiotia ana ko "Te Māra," i Ātene, ā, i reira i kukume mai ai ia i ana akonga e rapu ana i te whakaaro nui me te māramatanga ki te āhua o te harikoa. Kāore i rite ki ētahi atu kura whakaaro pērā i te hunga Stoic me te hunga Cynic, i aro nui te whakapono Epikurus ki te whai i te ahuareka me te karo i te mamae hei wāhanga matua o te oranga harikoa. Heoi, he rerekē te ariā o Epikurus mō te ahuareka i te hedonism. I whakapono ia ki te whai i ngā ahuareka hinengaro me te whakatipu i te hinengaro marino, kaua ki te whai i te makona tinana.
Ataraxia: Te Hinengaro Marino
Ko te Ataraxia, e whakamaoritia ana ko te "marie" me te "rangimārie o te hinengaro," he wāhanga matua o te harikoa o Epicurean. Ki a Epicurus, kāore e kitea te harikoa pono i roto i te taonga, te mana pāpori, ngā mahi whakangāwari rānei, engari i roto i te āhua marino me te kore e whakararuraruhia o te hinengaro, me te kore wehi me te manukanuka.
Ko tētahi o ngā pūtake matua o te mamae, e ai ki a Epicurus, ko te wehi ki ngā atua me te mate. I whakaako ia, mēnā kei te ora ngā atua, kāore rātou e aro ki ngā mahi a te tangata, ā, ko te mate he mutunga noa iho o ngā kare ā-roto. E ai ki tāna i kī ai, "Kāore he aha te mate ki a tātou, nā te mea ina ora tātou, kāore te mate, ā, ina ora tātou, kāore tātou." Mā te tango i tēnei tirohanga, ka taea e te tangata te whakaora i a rātou anō i te wehi whakamate o te ao tipua me te mutunga kore o te ao.
Heoi anō, ko te ataraxia te whakawhanake i te whakaaro whaitake me te whakaritenga tika o ngā hiahia. I wehea e Epicurus ngā hiahia kia toru ngā wāhanga: te taiao me te mea e tika ana (pēnei i te kai me te whare noho), te taiao engari kāore e tika ana (pēnei i ngā kai papai), me te whakapehapeha me te koretake (pēnei i te mana me te rongonui). Mā te mārama ki te āhua o ēnei hiahia me te arotahi ki ngā mea e tika ana, ka taea e te tangata te whakatutuki i te āhua hinengaro taurite me te marino. Ka akiakihia e tēnei huarahi he oranga māmā, ka whakaitihia ngā hiahia koretake, ā, ka whakaitihia te manukanuka me te raruraru hinengaro.
Aponia: Te Kore o te Mamae
Ko te pou tuarua o te harikoa o Epicurean ko te aphonia, arā, ko te korenga o te mamae tinana. I tautohe a Epicurus ko te herekore i te mamae tinana he paearu nui mō te oranga harikoa. Heoi, kāore ia i tautoko i te whai i te ngahau me te kore here, engari i whakatairanga i te pārekareka ngawari ki ngā ahuareka ngawari o te ao.
I whakanuia e Epikurus ngā ahuareka o te tinana, engari i whakanuia e ia te hiranga o ngā ahuareka hinengaro me ngā ahuareka kare ā-roto, he mea nui ake i a ia. Hei tauira, ko te harikoa o te whakahoahoa, te ahuareka o te ako, me te ngākau māhaki e puta mai ana i te noho pai, i whakaarohia e Epikurus he mea whai hua ake, ā, he iti ake te tūponotanga ka arahi ki te mamae i ngā ahuareka rangitahi o ngā kare ā-roto.
Ko te whai i te aphonia e uru ana hoki ki te whakatau whakaaro nui me te whakatipu i ngā tikanga pai pēnei i te whakaaro nui, te manawanui, me te maia. E ai ki a Epicurus, ka āwhina te whakatau whakaaro nui i te tangata ki te karo i te mamae koretake i puta mai i ngā kōwhiringa kuware, ka ārai te manawanui i te taikaha e arahi ana ki te mamae, ā, ka āwhina te maia ki te manawanui i ngā uauatanga e kore e taea te karo me te ōrite.
Te Tūranga o te Hoahoa
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te rapunga whakaaro o Epikuro ko tōna aro nui ki te whakahoahoa hei wāhanga nui o te harikoa. I kī rongonui a Epikuro, "O ngā mea katoa e homai ana e te whakaaro nui hei whakahari i a tātou, ko te mea nui rawa atu ko te whiwhi i te whakahoahoa."
Mā te whakahoahoa ka tautoko i ngā kare ā-roto, ka āwhina tetahi i tetahi, ā, ka taea e te tangata te whakapuaki i ngā ahuareka o te ao. Ka whakaratohia hoki he wairua haumaru me te noho tahi, he mea nui mō te marino o te hinengaro. I roto i te pukapuka "The Garden", i whakatipu a Epicurus i tētahi hapori ka taea te tupu o ngā whakahoahoa, i runga i te whakaute tetahi i tetahi me ngā kaupapa whakaaro tahi.
Te Whakamahi i ngā Mātāpono Epikurīana i Tēnei Rā
Ahakoa i ora a Epicurus i ngā tau e rua mano ki muri, kei te mau tonu ana tirohanga ki te harikoa i roto i te ao hou. Ko te hapori o ēnei rā he maha ngā wā e kitea ana i te whai tonu i te taonga, te mana, me ngā ahuareka o te tinana, ka arahi pea ki te ahotea, te manukanuka, me te ahua o te korekore. Mā te tirotiro anō i ngā mātāpono Epicurean, ka kitea e te tangata te arataki ki tētahi oranga whai hua.
Tuatahi, mā te awhi i te ataraxia ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te raruraru hinengaro me te manukanuka e whakararuraru ana i te ao hou. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakaaroaro anō i ō tātou waiaro ki ngā hiahia me te arotahi ki ngā mea e tino tika ana mō te oranga ngākau mārie. Mā te whakatipu i te aro nui me te noho i tēnei wā ka āwhina i te whakatutuki i te rangimārie i tautokona e Epicurus.
Tuarua, ko te mātāpono o te aphonia e kī ana ko te tiaki i tō tātou oranga tinana mā roto i ngā tikanga taurite me te karo i ngā mahi e pā kino ana ka arahi ki tētahi oranga hauora me te harikoa. Mā te whakataurite i ngā ahuareka tinana me ngā mea hinengaro me ngā mea kare ā-roto ka whakarite kia mau tonu te oranga.
Hei whakamutunga, mā te poipoi i ngā whakahoahoa pono me te whakatū hononga whai tikanga ka taea te whakarato i te manawanui kare ā-roto me te wairua hapori e tika ana mō te harikoa pumau. I tēnei ao o te taunekeneke matihiko me te noho mokemoke, kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i te uara o ngā whanaungatanga kanohi ki te kanohi.
Opaniraa
Ko te ariā o Epicurus mō te harikoa, e aro ana ki ngā mātāpono o te ataraxia me te aphonia, e tuku ana i tētahi huarahi pumau me te hohonu ki te whakatutuki i tētahi oranga whai hua. Mā te wikitoria i ngā mataku, te whakahaere i ngā hiahia me te whakaaro nui, me te whakatipu i ngā hoahoa pai, ka taea e te tangata te whiwhi i tētahi oranga marino me te kore mamae. I tēnei ao o nāianei, e huna ana te whai i ngā ahuareka poto i te rapu i te makona pumau, ka whakaatuhia e te Epicureanism tētahi mahere ara ki te harikoa pono. Mā te tirohanga a Epicurus, ka ako tātou ko ngā ahuareka māmā me ngā hinengaro marino te mea kei a rātou ngā kī ki ngā harikoa nui rawa atu.
