Te Takirua o te Hinengaro me te Matū a Descartes
He nui ngā takoha a René Descartes, he tohunga whakaaro Wīwī nō te rautau 17, ki ngā momo manga o te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao. Ko tētahi o ana ariā tino whai mana, tino pumau hoki ko te ariā o te takirua, e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga matua i waenga i te hinengaro me te tinana—i waenga i ngā ao hinengaro me ngā ao tinana. Nā te takirua a Descartes, e kiia pinepinetia ana ko te Takirua Cartesian, kua whakaoho i te tautohetohe nui, ā, kua hanga i te kōrero i roto i te rapunga whakaaro, te hinengaro, me te pūtaiao roro.
Ngā Pūtake Cartesian: Cogito, ergo sum
Ko te tūāpapa o te rapunga whakaaro a Descartes kei roto i te kupu "Cogito, ergo sum," ko tōna tikanga "Kei te whakaaro ahau, nō reira ko ahau." I puta mai tēnei kōrero i te whakahē tikanga a Descartes—he tukanga uaua o te ruarua i ngā mātauranga katoa kia kitea ai he pūtake e kore e taea te whakahē. I pātai a Descartes i ngā mea katoa i whakaponohia e ia i mua, me te whakaaro pea ka taea e tētahi atua kino te tinihanga i a ia. Heoi, i kite ia ko te mahi ruarua tonu te tohu o te noho o tētahi mea whakaaro. Ko tēnei mōhiotanga te tino pūtake i hangaia ai e ia tana rapunga whakaaro.
Mā roto i tēnei tukanga, i whakatūria e Descartes te pono tuatahi, arā, ko te hinengaro—ngā āhuatanga whakaaro, ruarua, me te hiahia—e noho motuhake ana. Kātahi ka whakapae ia he mea tino rerekē te hinengaro (te wairua rānei) me te tinana (te matū rānei). Ko tēnei whakatau te mauri o te Cartesian Dualism.
Te Hinengaro me te Matū: Ngā Matū e Rua e Rerekē Ana
Ko te wehewehenga a Descartes i waenga i te hinengaro me te ao tūroa e ahu mai ana i te kī he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ēnei matū e rua. Ko te hinengaro (res cogitans) he mea e tohuhia ana e ngā whakaaro, te hinengaro, me te mōhio ki a ia anō. Kāore e whānuitia, arā, kāore e nohoia he wāhi, kāore hoki he āhua tinana. Engari, kāore he mea tūturu, ā, he hononga tata ki ō tātou wheako hinengaro.
I tētahi atu taha, ko te matū (res extensa) e tautuhia ana e tōna toronga i te wāhi. Kei roto ko ngā mea ā-tinana me ngā taha ā-wāhi e nohoia ana. Ka mahi te matū i raro i ngā ture ahupūngao, ā, ka taea te tirotiro, te ine, me te whakahaere mā te wheako. E ai ki a Descartes, he motuhake ēnei āhuatanga—te toronga me te whakaaro—ā, kāore e taea te kī he matū kotahi.
Te Taunekeneke i waenganui i te Hinengaro me te Tinana
Ko tētahi wero nui mō te Cartesian Dualism ko te whakamārama i te taunekeneke i waenga i te hinengaro kore-tinana me te tinana. I whakatikahia tēnei e Descartes mā te whakaaro kia taunekeneke te hinengaro me te tinana mā te repe pineal, he hanganga endocrine iti kei roto i te roro. I whakapae ia ko tēnei repe te hononga e whakamaoritia ai ngā whakaaro hinengaro ki ngā mahi tinana, me te ritenga ke.
Ahakoa ngā mahi a Descartes ki te whakakī i te āputa, kei te mau tonu te raruraru taunekeneke hei whakahē matua mō te takiruatanga. E kī ana ngā kairīti he raruraru ariā te whakaaro me pēhea te awe o tētahi mea kore-tinana ki tētahi mea rauemi. Nā tēnei raruraru kua ara ake ngā ariā rerekē pērā i te whakarara me te wā poto, e kī ana i ngā tikanga rerekē mō te taunekeneke hinengaro-tinana.
Te Awe me te Whakahē
I hurihia e te ariā takirua a Descartes te kōrero matatika mā te kī he rerekē ngā āhuatanga hinengaro me ngā āhuatanga tinana. I pā nui ki te whanaketanga o te hinengaro, i whakatakoto huarahi mō ngā tūhuratanga o te hinengaro me te mātauranga ā muri ake nei. I tua atu, i awehia e te ariā takirua Cartesian te huringa pūtaiao mā te whakatenatena i te tirohanga ā-pūkaha o te ao tinana me te whakatairanga i te rangahau ā-wheako.
Heoi, kua tino whakahēngia te whakaaro-rua a Descartes. I kī ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a Gilbert Ryle he "hē kāwai" te whakaaro-rua mā te whakaaro ki ngā āhua hinengaro me te mea nō tētahi kāwai motuhake mai i ngā āhua tinana. I tautohe a Ryle ehara ngā mahi hinengaro i ngā huihuinga tūmataiti, whakaaroaro engari he hiahia ki te whanonga i roto i ētahi huarahi.
Hei tāpiri atu, kua werohia te Cartesian Dualism e te pikinga ake o te aro ki ngā taonga me ngā whanaketanga o te pūtaiao roro. E kī ana ngā kaimātai taonga ka taea te whakamārama katoa i ngā tukanga hinengaro mā roto i ngā mahi tinana o te roro, ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō tētahi matū hinengaro motuhake. Kua piki haere te tautoko a ngā rangahau i roto i te pūtaiao hinengaro i te ariā e hono ana ngā āhua hinengaro ki ngā tauira io motuhake, e kī ana ka puta pea te hinengaro mai i te mahi roro kaua ki tētahi mea motuhake.
Te Raru o te Hinengaro-Tinana: Te Uiuitanga Matatau Tonu
Ko te raruraru hinengaro-tinana he take matua tonu i roto i te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao o nāianei. E pātai ana me pēhea te hononga o ngā āhua hinengaro—ngā whakaaro, ngā kare ā-roto, ngā tirohanga—ki ngā āhua roro tinana. Nā te whakaaro takirua i whakaurua mai e Descartes i whakarato i tētahi tirohanga; heoi, kua puta ake ngā ariā rerekē.
Hei tauira, ko te monism e whakaatu ana i tētahi matū kotahi, i tētahi mooni rānei. Ko te tinana, he momo monism, e kī ana he tinana, he whakawhirinaki rānei ngā mea katoa ki te tinana. I raro i tēnei tirohanga, ko ngā āhua hinengaro he āhua roro, ā, ka puta te hinengaro mai i ngā taunekeneke io uaua. Kua noho tēnei hei tirohanga matua i roto i te pūtaiao hinengaro me te koiora roro o ēnei rā.
Ko tētahi atu huarahi, ko te takirua o ngā taonga, e kī ana ahakoa ehara te hinengaro me te tinana i te mea motuhake, he āhuatanga motuhake kei a rāua. E kī ana tēnei tirohanga ko ngā āhua hinengaro he āhuatanga kore-tinana e puta mai ana i ngā pūnaha tinana, e āhei ai te māramatanga hohonu ki te hinengaro.
Whakamutunga: Te Taonga Tuku Iho o Descartes
Kua waiho e te ariā a René Descartes mō te takirua he tohu e kore e taea te wareware ki te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao. Mā te wehewehe i waenga i te hinengaro me te mea, i tīmatahia e ia tētahi rangahau hohonu ki te āhua o te oranga tangata, te hinengaro, me te ao tūroa. Ahakoa kua pāngia te Takirua Cartesian e ngā whakahē nui me te whanake haere i roto i te wā, i whakatakotohia e ia te turanga mō ngā tautohetohe tonu mō te whanaungatanga hinengaro-tinana.
Kei te haere tonu ngā whanaketanga o te pūtaiao roro me te pūtaiao hinengaro ki te tūhura i ēnei pātai, e whakamārama ana i ngā hononga uaua i waenga i ngā ao hinengaro me ngā ao tinana. Ahakoa rā, kei te mau tonu ngā take matua i whakaarahia e Descartes, hei whakamahara i te uaua me te mea ngaro o te wheako tangata.
Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea ko te whakarato whakautu anake te taonga tuku iho a Descartes engari ko te pātai i ngā pātai hohonu e akiaki ana i te rapunga mō te mārama ki a tātou anō me te āhua o te ao tūturu. Mā te tirohanga o te takirua, ka akiakihia tātou ki te whakaaroaro ki te kanikani uaua i waenganui i te hinengaro me te ao tūroa, he kanikani e tautuhi ana i tō tātou oranga tonutanga.
