Te Whakamāramatanga o te Arorau e ai ki a Aristotle
Ko te arorau, hei tikanga whakaaro pūnaha, he tūāpapa mō te kōrero matatika mō ngā mano tau. Ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te whakaaro arorau ko Aristotle, nāna i whakatakoto te turanga mō te nuinga o ngā ariā arorau o te Hauāuru. Hei mārama ki ngā whakamāramatanga me ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te arorau e ai ki a Aristotle, he mea nui kia ruku hohonu ki roto i ana tuhinga, inā koa ko te "Organon," e whakarapopoto ana i ana ariā me ana mātāpono mō te whakaaro arorau.
He Tirohanga Whānui mō ngā Takoha a Aristotle
He tohunga whakaaro Kariki a Aristotle (384-322 BC) ā, i horapa āna takoha nui ki ngā momo mara, tae atu ki te matatika, te matatika, te tōrangapū, me te mea nui, te arorau. E whakanuia ana ko ia te "Matua o te Arorau," nā Aristotle i whakatakoto, i whakapūmau hoki i ngā mātāpono o te whakaaro i tautoko i te nuinga o ngā rangahau arorau i muri mai. Nāna i whakarato he anga i whakamahia e ngā tohunga whakaaro, ngā kaipūtaiao, me ngā tohunga pāngarau i roto i ngā rautau.
Ko te tūhuratanga a Aristotle i te arorau e mau ana i roto i ngā tuhinga e ono, arā, ko te "Organon" (te kupu Kariki mō te "taonga" me te "taputapu" rānei). Ko ēnei mahi ko:
1. "Ngā Kāwai"
2. “Mō te Whakamārama”
3. "Ngā Tātaritanga o Mua"
4. "Ngā Tātaritanga o Muri"
5. "Ngā Kaupapa"
6. "Ngā Whakahē Matatau"
I roto i ēnei tuhinga katoa, e whakamārama ana i te ariā arorau a Aristotle, e pā ana ki te hanganga o ngā tautohetohe, te whakarōpūtanga o ngā whakaaro, te āhua o te whakaaroaro whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me ngā mātāpono o te uiuinga pūtaiao.
Te Whakamārama me te Kaupapa o te Arorau
Ki a Aristotle, he taputapu te arorau (nō reira te taitara "Organon") hei whiwhi mātauranga me te mārama ki ngā mātāpono e whakahaere ana i te whakaaro tika. E titiro ana ia ehara te arorau i te pūtaiao empirika engari hei anga tikanga mō te aromatawai i ngā tautohetohe me te wehewehe i te pono mai i te teka. I roto i tēnei tikanga, he taputapu, he pūtaiao hoki te arorau—he organon mō ētahi atu pūtaiao—e āwhina ana i te whakaaro tika, e ārai ana hoki i ngā hapa o te whakaaro.
Ngā Kāwai me te Arorau Kupumatua
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha tino taketake a Aristotle ko tana ariā mō ngā kāwai, e whakamāramahia ana e ia i roto i te tuhinga "Ngā Kāwai". Ko ngā kāwai e tohu ana i ngā momo kupu whakarite rerekē ka taea te hono atu ki tētahi kaupapa, hei pūtake mō tana ariā ontology me te arorau. E tohu ana a Aristotle i ngā kāwai tekau:
1. Matū (hei tauira, tangata, hōiho)
2. Te rahinga (hei tauira, e rima putu te roa)
3. Kounga (hei tauira, mā, wetereo)
4. Te whanaungatanga (hei tauira, takirua, haurua, nui ake)
5. Whakanohoia (hei tauira, i te mākete)
6. Te wā (hei tauira, inanahi, i tērā tau)
7. Tūnga (hei tauira, takoto, noho)
8. Kāwanatanga (hei tauira, kākahu/kāore i te kākahu)
9. Mahi (hei tauira, te tapahi, te tahu)
10. Aroha (hei tauira, kia tapahia, kia tahuna)
Ka āwhina ēnei kāwai ki te tautuhi me te whakarōpū i ngā momo kupu whakarite rerekē, me te whakatakoto i ngā huarahi taketake e taea ai te whakaahua me te mārama ki ngā mea.
Ngā Whakaaro me ngā Whakamārama
I roto i te pukapuka a Aristotle "On Interpretation" ka ruku hohonu ki ngā whakaaro, arā, he kōrero whakapuakitanga e whakaū ana i tētahi mea mō te ao, ā, ka taea te pono, te teka rānei. E whakamārama ana ia i te hanganga arorau o ngā rerenga kōrero māmā me ngā whanaungatanga wetereo i waenga i ngā kaupapa me ngā kupu whakarite.
I runga i tēnei, ka whakaurua e "Prior Analytics" te ariā o te silogism, he momo whakaaro whakatau. E rua ngā ariā me te whakatau i roto i te silogism, ā, koia te poraka hanga o te arorau a Aristotle. E whakaatu ana a Aristotle mēnā he pono ngā ariā, ā, he tika te āhua o te silogistic, me whai tonu te whakatau.
Ko tētahi tauira matarohia o te silogism ko:
1. He tangata mate ngā tāngata katoa. (Ngā ariā matua)
2. He tangata a Hōkerete. (Ngā ariā iti)
3. Nō reira, he tangata mate a Hōkerete. (Whakamutunga)
E whakamārama ana a Aristotle i ngā momo whaimana o ngā silogism (ngā momo whakaaro whaitake), ia momo he ture motuhake e pā ana ki te whakatakotoranga me te whanaungatanga o ngā kupu i roto i ngā ariā.
Tātaritanga o Muri me te Mātauranga Pūtaiao
I roto i te pukapuka "Posterior Analytics", ka tūhuratia e Aristotle te tikanga o te rangahau pūtaiao. Ka wehewehea e ia ngā momo mātauranga rerekē, me te whakanui i te hiranga o te mātauranga whakaatu, e ahu mai ana i ngā mātāpono e tika ana, ā-ao hoki. E ai ki a Aristotle, ka tutukihia te mātauranga pūtaiao (epistem) mā te whakaaturanga (apodeixis), he momo taunakitanga arorau e ahu mai ana i ngā mātāpono tuatahi e kitea ana ki te whakatau i ngā whakatau mō te ao tūroa.
Te Whakaaroaro Whakawhitiwhiti me ngā Kaupapa
"Kaupapa" e aro ana ki te whakaaro whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e aro ana ki te matapaki me te tautohetohe, kaua ki te taunakitanga tino tika. Ka whakaratohia e Aristotle he tikanga mō te hanga me te wetewete i ngā tautohetohe i runga i ngā ariā pea, he rerekē i ētahi ariā e hiahiatia ana i roto i te whakaaturanga pūtaiao. Ki a Aristotle, ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero he tikanga ki te kimi i ngā whakaaro o ētahi atu me te whakamātautau i te kaha me te hononga o ngā tirohanga rerekē.
Ngā Whakahē Matatau
I roto i te pukapuka "Sophistic Refutations," ka tirohia e Aristotle ngā hapa—ngā tautohe hapa e āhua tika ana engari kāore. Ka whakarōpūhia e ia ngā momo hapa rerekē, arā, ngā hapa ōkawa (e pā ana ki te āhua arorau) me ngā hapa ōkawa (e pā ana ki te ihirangi), me te tuku tikanga hei tautuhi me te whakahē i aua hapa. He mea nui tēnei mahi ki te ako i te arorau, nā te mea ka whakaratohia he taputapu mō te whakaaroaro arohaehae me te karo i ngā whakaaro hē.
Opaniraa
Kua hipa ngā rautau i te whakamāramatanga a Aristotle mō te arorau, ā, kua waiho hei pūtake mō te hanganga o te arorau hou. Ko tana whakarōpūtanga ātaahua o ngā kupu whakarite, te whanaketanga o te whakaaro whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te wehewehe i waenga i ngā momo mātauranga he anga whānui mō te mārama ki ngā mātāpono arorau. Ki a Aristotle, ehara te arorau i te mahi ariā noa iho engari he taputapu mahi hei ārahi i te whakaaro me te whiwhi mātauranga puta noa i ngā mara rangahau rerekē.
Mā te whakapūmau i ngā mātāpono o te whakaaro tika, i whakawhiwhia e Aristotle ki te tangata tētahi taputapu tino nui e whakamōhio tonu ana, e hanga ana hoki i ngā whāinga hinengaro, e whakaū ana i tōna taonga tuku iho hei tino tangata i roto i te hītori o te arorau.
