Ngā Whakaaro o Al-Farabi mō te Rapunga Whakaaro Tōrangapū
Ko Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (tata ki te 872-950 AD), e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko Al-Farabi, tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro nui o te Wā Koura o te Ihirama. He rongonui mō āna takoha nui ki te rapunga whakaaro, te pūtaiao, me te arorau, ā, e kiia ana a Al-Farabi ko te "Kaiako Tuarua," e whai ana i a Aristotle. I roto i āna mahi hinengaro maha, he pānga roa te tūhuratanga a Al-Farabi ki te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū, inā koa ki te tikanga hinengaro Muhirama me te whānuitanga whānui o te whakaaro tōrangapū.
Kua tino pūmau te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū a Al-Farabi i roto i ana tirohanga matatika me te matauranga, e whakakotahi ana i ngā kaupapa Ihirama me ngā tauira rapunga whakaaro Kariki. I whai ia ki te whakataurite i te tikanga Platonic-Aristotelian me te whakaaro Ihirama, me te whakatairanga i te tirohanga mō tētahi tāone pai (al-Madinah al-Fadilah) e arahina ana e tētahi kaiārahi whakaaro nui. Ko te kaupapa matua o tana rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū ko te ariā o te "Kāwanatanga Pai," e whakaata ana i te Repupiripia a Plato engari e whai kiko ana ki ngā whakaritenga matatika Ihirama.
E kī ana a Al-Farabi ko te whāinga matua o te hapori tangata ko te whakatutuki i te harikoa (saʿādah), e kīia ana e ia ko te pai teitei rawa atu. Ehara tēnei harikoa i te oranga rangitahi, i te oranga rauemi rānei, engari he momo tino pai o te hinengaro me te wairua. Ko te whakatutukitanga o te harikoa pono he mahi tahi a te hapori, e whakahaerehia ana i raro i te arataki a tētahi rangatira mārama. E whakaaro ana a Al-Farabi ko tēnei hapori tino pai he hinonga mahi tahi e mahi tahi ai ia mema ki te whakatutuki i tētahi pai whānui, he rite ki ngā whanaungatanga i roto i tētahi rauropi, e whakarite ana i tōna hauora me tōna mahi whānui.
I roto i te āhua tino pai a Al-Farabi, ko te upoko o te kāwanatanga, ko te rangatira rānei, ka whai i te tauira o te tohunga whakaaro-kingi a Plato. Me mau i tēnei rangatira ehara i te mea ko te mōhiotanga hinengaro me te mana matatika anake, engari me ngā āhuatanga poropiti anō hoki. E tohu ana a Al-Farabi i te rangatira he tangata hinengaro kua whiwhi i te mātauranga ariā me te whakaaro nui mahi. E hangai ana tēnei rangatira tino pai ki ngā mātāpono atua, e whakaatu ana i te tika, te whakaaro nui, me te tirohanga whakamua, ā, ka ārahi i ngā tāngata whenua ki te harikoa pono.
Ko te hanganga tūāpapa o te āhua pai o Al-Farabi he whakarōpūtanga, me te whakamārama mārama i ngā tūranga me ngā mahi, me te whakarite kia whai wāhi te āhua me ngā āheinga o ia tangata ki te oranga o te hapori. Kāore tēnei whakarōpūtanga i te tino whakatau engari ka taea te piki ake i runga i te hiranga me te pai. Ko te whāinga o te whakahaere o tēnei kāwanatanga he poipoi i ngā tāngata whai tikanga mā te mātauranga me te whakatipu tikanga, me te whakanui i te tūranga o te mātauranga me te whakaaro nui ki te whakatutuki i tētahi hapori taurite.
He rerekē rawa atu ki te āhua tino pai, ka kōrero a Al-Farabi mō ngā momo āhua hapa, e taea ai te whakarite ki ngā whakaahuatanga a Plato mō te manapori, te mana motuhake, te manapori, me te mana whakahaere nanakia. Kāore ēnei āhua hapa e eke ki te whāinga matua o te harikoa pono nā te kuware o ngā rangatira, te pirau matatika i roto i te hapori, te whai rānei i ngā whāinga rauemi, i te tukino rānei i runga i te oranga whānui.
Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū a Al-Farabi ko tana whakamārama i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whakapono me te rapunga whakaaro. He rerekē ki te whakamāramatanga ā-ao, e kī ana a Al-Farabi he mahi tahi te rapunga whakaaro me te whakapono ki te ārahi i te tangata ki te pai mutunga kore. E kite ana ia i ngā poropiti me ngā tohunga whakaaro he whakaaturanga rerekē o te pono kotahi, ko te tohunga whakaaro e whakarato ana i te whakamārama whaitake o ngā mātāpono atua, ko te poropiti ia e tuku ana i ngā aratohu tohu me ngā aratohu mahi e wātea ana ki te marea whānui. Nō reira, ko tana rangatira pai rawa atu he tohunga whakaaro me he poropiti, e whakarite ana kia rite te kāwanatanga ki te whakaaro whaitake me te whakaaro atua.
Ka horapa ngā whakaaro o Al-Farabi ki te taunekeneke hihiri i waenga i ngā tāone, i ngā kawanatanga rānei. E mōhio ana ia kāore e taea e ngā hapori katoa te whakatutuki i te āhua pai rawa atu, nō reira, ka whakarōpūhia e ia ētahi atu kāwanatanga i runga i tō rātou peka ke atu i te āhua pai rawa atu. Tērā pea ka whakaatu ēnei kāwanatanga ngoikore i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kuware, te kino, te ngaronga rānei o te mana motuhake, e aukati ana i ō rātou tāngata whenua ki te whakatutuki i te harikoa pono. I roto i ēnei tātaritanga, ka whakaratohia e Al-Farabi he anga tātaritanga hei mārama ki ngā ngoikoretanga tōrangapū me ngā kawenga matatika o ngā rangatira me ngā tāngata whenua.
Ko te hiranga o te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū a Al-Farabi kei tua atu i te horopaki hītori o te Wā Koura o Ihirama. Ko tana huarahi matatau ki te hononga i waenga i te rapunga whakaaro, te whakapono, me te tōrangapū e tuku ana i ngā māramatanga whai hua mō ngā kōrero o nāianei mō te kaiārahi, te kāwanatanga, me te oranga o te hapori. Ko te whakaurunga o ngā tikanga matatika me ngā tikanga hinengaro ki roto i te kaiārahi tōrangapū he take nui tonu i roto i te whakaaro tōrangapū o nāianei, e hanga ana i ngā whakaaro o Al-Farabi kia tino tika. Hei tāpiri, ko tana tirohanga mō tētahi hapori whai tikanga, whai mātauranga e whakarato ana i tētahi kōrero whakahē ki ngā tauira kāwanatanga hangarau-tika, ā-rawa rānei.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te whakanui a Al-Farabi i te tūranga o te mātauranga ki te whakatipu i ngā tāngata whai ngākau pono e pā ana ki ngā tautohetohe o nāianei mō te kaupapa me te āhua o ngā pūnaha mātauranga. Mā te tautoko i tētahi mātauranga e whakataurite ana i te tipu hinengaro, te matatika, me te wairua, e whakanui ana a Al-Farabi i te hiranga o te whakatipu i ngā tāngata whai mātauranga e kaha ana ki te whai wāhi ki te pai whānui.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko ngā whakaaro o Al-Farabi mō te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū e whakaatu ana i tētahi tirohanga matatau me te whānui mō te kāwanatanga e ahu mai ana i te whai i te harikoa pono mā te pai o te hinengaro me te matatika. Ko tana ariā mō te kāwanatanga pai, e whakahaerehia ana e tētahi tohunga whakaaro-poropiti rangatira, e whakaatu ana i te whakaurunga o te whakaaro nui me te atua ki te whakatutuki i te oranga o te hapori. Mā te aro atu ki ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā kāwanatanga koretake me te whakanui i te whanaungatanga tahi i waenga i te rapunga whakaaro me te whakapono, ka tukuna e Al-Farabi tētahi anga pumau mō te mārama ki ngā turanga matatika me te hinengaro o te kaiārahi tōrangapū. Kei te whakaoho tonu ana tirohanga i ngā whakaaroaro mō te āhua o te kāwanatanga, te tūranga o te mātauranga, me ngā kawenga matatika o ngā kaiārahi me ngā tāngata whenua i roto i te rapunga mō tētahi hapori tika me te rangimarie.
