Charles Sanders Peirce me te Pragmatism
Nā Charles Sanders Peirce, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko "pēke moni", i whakairo he wāhi nui i roto i ngā tuhinga o te rapunga whakaaro. Nā āna mahi i roto i te arorau, te pāngarau, me te rapunga whakaaro i mōhiotia ai ia i muri i tōna matenga hei matua o te pragmatism, he huarahi rapunga whakaaro e whakanui ana i ngā hua mahi me ngā pānga tūturu hei wāhanga nui o te tikanga me te pono.
Te Oranga o te Whānau me te Whanaketanga Hinengaro
I whānau mai a Charles Peirce i te 10 o Hepetema, 1839, i Cambridge, Massachusetts, ko ia te tama a Sarah Hunt Mills rāua ko Benjamin Peirce, he tohunga pāngarau rongonui, he ahorangi hoki i Te Whare Wānanga o Harvard. Nā tēnei taonga tuku iho hinengaro i whakarite ia mō tētahi oranga i whakatapua ki te rangahau pakari. I te whakaatu i tana pūkenga wawe ki te pāngarau me te rapunga whakaaro, i haere a Peirce ki Harvard, i reira i whiwhi ai ia i te tohu paetahi, ā, i muri mai ka ako i te matū, ā, ka puta ko te summa cum laude.
I te tīmatanga o tana mahi, i kitea te mahi a Peirce i roto i ngā momo kaupapa pūtaiao, i muri i tana mahi ki te United States Coast Survey. He mea nui tōna wā i reira ki te whakawhanake i ana ariā arorau me ana ariā tikanga i a ia e whakamahi ana i ana whakaaro. Nā ana taunekeneke ki ngā kaipūtaiao rongonui o tōna wā, tae atu ki a William James rāua ko Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., i hanga ake tōna ara hinengaro.
Te Whakatinanatanga: He Tirohanga Whānui
E ai ki te whakaaro o Peirce, ko te mahi whai hua (pragmatism) he tikanga i ētahi wā, kaua ki tētahi pūnaha rapunga whakaaro katoa. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei huarahi ko te tikanga o tētahi ariā, o tētahi whakaaro rānei, kei roto i ōna pānga mahi ka kitea. Arā, ko te uara o tētahi whakaaro e hono tata ana ki te awe o tēnei ki te mahi me te wheako.
I whakaurua mai e Peirce te kupu "pragmatism" i roto i tētahi tuhinga i te tau 1878 ko "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" te taitara, i whakaputaina ki te Popular Science Monthly. I tautohe ia ko ō tātou whakapono he tikanga mahi nui, ā, ko te tikanga o tētahi ariā e ahu mai ana i ngā huarahi mahi ka taea te whakaaro. I whakarapopototia tēnei whakaaro ki roto i tāna i kī ai ko te "pragmatic maxim":
> "Whakaarohia ngā pānga, tera pea he pānga mahi, e whakaarohia ana e tātou te mea o tā tātou ariā. Kātahi, ko tā tātou ariā mō ēnei pānga ko te katoa o tā tātou ariā mō te mea."
Te Whakataukī Whaitake me te Uiuitanga Pūtaiao
Ehara te whakataukī mahi i te karanga mō te whai huatanga matapōkere, ehara hoki i te tautoko i te whakaaro pono, engari he tikanga matatau mō te whakamārama i ngā whakaaro me ngā whakapono. Ko Peirce tonu he kaitautoko nui mō te tikanga pūtaiao hei tauira mō te uiuinga whaitake, i kite ia hei whakaaturanga o te huarahi mahi. I tautohe ia ka haere tonu ngā rangahau pūtaiao i roto i te huarahi whakatikatika-ake, e akiakihia ana e te rapunga mō ngā whakapono pumau me te pono.
Ki a Peirce, ko te ruarua me te whakapono he wāhanga nui o te tukanga uiuinga. Ka whakaoho te ruarua i te whakaaro me te mahi, ka akiaki i te rapu i ngā whakapono pumau; ko ngā whakapono, hei ārahi i ngā mahi, hei whakatū hoki i ngā tikanga. Ina tūtaki ki te ruarua pono, ka tīmata te tukanga uiuinga, e whai ana ki te whakatau i te taumahatanga me te whakatutuki i te āhua o te whakapono.
Ngā Takoha a Peirce ki te Arorau me te Pūtaiao
I tua atu i te mahi pono, i whai wāhi nui a Peirce ki te arorau me te semiotics—te ako i ngā tohu me ngā tohu. I whakawhanakehia e ia te mea e mōhiotia ana ko te "whakaaro whakahāwea," i whakaarohia e ia ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te rangahau pūtaiao. Ko te whakahāwea he hanga i tētahi ariā hei whakamārama i ngā kitenga ohorere. He rerekē ki te tangohanga, e whakaū ana i ngā whakatau e tika ana, me te whakaū, e whakawhanui ana mai i ngā tauira motuhake, ka whakaarohia e te whakahāwea he whakamārama whai tikanga.
Mō te matatika kupu, i tautuhia e Peirce ētahi momo tohu matua e toru: ngā ata, ngā taupū, me ngā tohu. He rite ngā ata ki ō rātou tohutoro, he hononga tika ngā taupū ki ō rātou tohutoro, ā, he hononga tūpono, he hononga tikanga rānei tō ngā tohu ki tā rātou e tohu ana. Nā tēnei whakarōpūtanga tokotoru i whakarato he anga whānui mō te mārama ki te mahi a ngā tohu i roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā tukanga whakaaro.
Te Rapunga Whakaaro Whanaketanga o te Pragmataism
Ko te tirohanga a Peirce mō te pragmatism he mea tino whanake, e tohu ana i ngā whanaketanga o muri mai i roto i te rapunga whakaaro tukanga me te epistemology whanaketanga. E kite ana ia i te mooni tonu he mea hihiri me te whanake, e whakahaerehia ana e tana i kī ai ko te "tychism" (he whakapono ki te tūranga o te tūponotanga i roto i te ao) me te "synechism" (he whakapau kaha ki te haere tonu). Ki a Peirce, ehara te ao i te mea pumau engari he tukanga e tohuhia ana e te tipu, te huringa, me te whanaketanga.
I horapa atu tēnei tirohanga whanaketanga ki tōna māramatanga ki te pono me te ao tūturu. I tautoko a Peirce ehara te pono i te āhuatanga tuturu engari he pito whakamutunga o te rangahau. I a ngā whakapono e tirotirohia ana, e whakatikatikaina ana i roto i te wā, ka tata haere atu ki te pono—he tukanga kāore e oti engari e ahu whakamua tonu ana. Ko tēnei ariā o te hē, arā, ko te whakaaro he mea whakarite noa iho tō tātou mōhiotanga, ā, ka taea te whakahou, kei roto i te ngākau o te mahi pono a Peirce.
Te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Pragmatism
I urutau, i whakawhānui hoki ngā mātāpono mahi a Peirce, arā, a William James rāua ko John Dewey, i ana kaupapa mahi. Nā James i rongonui te kupu, ā, i whakarerekē kia uru atu he taha takitahi me te taha wheako, he rerekē i ētahi āhuatanga mai i te ariā taketake a Peirce. I whakawhānui ake a Dewey i te mahi ki ngā wāhanga o te mātauranga, te whakahoutanga pāpori, me te manapori.
Ahakoa ōna māramatanga hohonu, kāore i tino mōhiotia ngā mahi a Peirce i tōna oranga, nā te uaua o tōna āhua me ōna raruraru pūtea. I noho pōuriuri ia i te nuinga o ōna tau whakamutunga, ā, i mate i te tau 1914. Heoi, i puta te aranga ake o tōna taonga tuku iho hinengaro i waenganui o te rautau 20, i te mea ka tirohia anō e ngā tohunga āna tuhinga whānui, ka kitea te hohonu o āna takoha.
I ēnei rā, kei te awe tonu te mahi pono a Peirce i te whānuitanga o ngā marautanga, mai i te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao hinengaro ki ngā rangahau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te mātauranga horihori. Ko tana whakanui i te hononga i waenga i te ariā me te mahi, te āhua hihiri o te mātauranga, me te tūranga o ngā tohu ki te takawaenga i te māramatanga tangata he mea nui tonu i roto i ngā whakaaro o ēnei rā.
Opaniraa
He tangata rangatira a Charles Sanders Peirce, ā, nā āna mahi maha i whakatakoto te tūāpapa mō te mahi pono, ā, i whakarerekē anō hoki i te rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā. Nā tana whakataukī mahi pono i whakanui ngā pānga mahi o ngā whakaaro, me te akiaki i tētahi tikanga rangahau e ahu mai ana i ngā hua o te ao tūturu. Nā te mahi a Peirce i roto i te arorau, te tikanga matatika, me te tikanga pūtaiao i whakarei ake i te kōrero rapunga whakaaro, ā, i whakatairanga i tētahi huarahi whanaketanga ki te mārama ki te pono me te mooni.
Ahakoa i te tīmatanga he uaua ki te whiwhi i ngā whakaaro o Peirce kia whānuitia te whakaae, mai i taua wā kua nui te aro ki ēnei whakaaro, ā, kua awe i ngā momo whakaaro puta noa i ngā marautanga maha. Kei te mau tonu tōna taonga tuku iho hei matua o te mahi pono, e whakamahara ana i a tātou ki te kanikani tonu i waenga i te ruarua me te whakapono, te ariā me te mahi, i roto i tā tātou rapunga mō te māramatanga.
