Ngā Tikanga Whakatere mō te Whakatere i ngā Wai Whaiti
Ko te whakatere i ngā wai whaiti—pērā i ngā kokoru, ngā awa, ngā awaawa, ngā awaawa tauranga, ngā ara whakawhiti i waenga i ngā moutere—me nui ake te tika i te wai tuwhera. He iti te wāhi whakahaere, ka kaha, ka rerekē hoki ngā ia, ka piki ake te kiato o ngā waka, ā, he tata ake ngā tūponotanga whakatere (ngā toka, ngā papaku, ngā kaipuke pakaru, ngā whakaurunga wai) i te haere haumaru. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te "whai i te mapi" te whakatere i ngā wai whaiti, engari he huinga o te whakamahere, ngā paparanga maha o te aroturukitanga tūranga, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te whakahaere kaipuke. Ko ngā tikanga matua e whai ake nei e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakarite i te whakatere haumaru me te whai hua i roto i ngā wai whaiti.
1. Te whakamahere taipitopito mō te ara
Ko te huarahi ki te haumaru i roto i ngā wai whaiti ka tīmata i mua i te tīmatanga o te kaipuke. Me āta whakamahere te huarahi i tērā i te wā e rere ana i te moana whānui. Me whakauru ki te huarahi kua whakaritea:
– Ka whai te whakatakotoranga huarahi tūturu i te huarahi me ngā piko, me te whai whakaaro ki te whānui o te huarahi, te tawhiti haumaru mai i ngā tūponotanga, me te tūranga wira-ki runga.
– Te tautuhi i ngā tūponotanga: ngā wai pāpaku, ngā toka, ngā korara, ngā wāhi kua rāhuitia, ngā taura/paipa o raro i te wai, me ngā rohe hī ika nui.
– Ngā raraunga tai me te au: ngā wā tai teitei me te tai iti, ngā tere o te ia tihi, me te ahunga o te ia i ngā wāhi tino nui. I ngā wai whaiti, ka taea e ngā ia te "whakatere" nā te pānga o te rere o te wai.
– Ngā herenga whakahaere o te kaipuke: te tōpana, te UKC (kei raro i te āputa o te takere), te āheinga ki te nekeneke, te tawhiti tū, me te pānga o te hau ki te kaipuke (te kaha o te hau).
– Ngā mahere āwhatiwhati: ngā pūwāhi taunga āwhatiwhati, ngā peihana hurihuri, ngā piringa, me ngā tikanga mēnā ka pakaru te mīhini/urungi.
Kei roto hoki i te whakamahere pai te wehewehe i ngā mahi i runga i te piriti, tae atu ki te hunga e aroturuki ana i te radar, te ECDIS, ngā tohu tirohanga, me te hunga e kōrero ana ki te VTS me ētahi atu kaipuke rānei.
2. Te whakamahi i ngā tūtohi moana me ngā tuhinga hou
I ngā wāhi whaiti, ka puta pea ngā panonitanga o te hohonutanga me ngā tohu whakatere nā te oneone, te keri, te panonitanga rānei o te whakahaere tauranga. Nō reira, me whakahou ngā tūtohi moana (ngā tūtohi pepa me te ECDIS). Haunga ngā tūtohi, ko ētahi atu tohutoro nui ko:
– Ngā Tohutohu Whakatere/Pukapuka Paerata mō ngā āhuatanga o te rohe.
– Ngā ripanga tai me ngā ripanga o ia au (tae atu ki te mapi o ngā awa tai mēnā e wātea ana).
– Pānui ki ngā Kaihōpara Moana, ki ngā whakahōutanga ā-rohe rānei.
Mā ngā raraunga hou tonu ka āwhina i te karo i ngā "ohorere" pērā i te nekenekehanga o ngā pōito, te hōhonutanga o te hohonutanga, te kitea rānei o ngā wāhi mahi moana.
3. Tikanga whakanoho paparanga (whakawhiti-tirohia te whakanoho)
I ngā wāhi iti, he mea mōrearea te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi pūtake tūranga kotahi. Ko te mahi pai ko te manatoko i ngā tūranga mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga maha, hei tauira:
– Ko te GNSS (GPS) / ECDIS hei tohutoro matua.
– Ka whakamahia e te whakatika radar te tawhiti me te ahunga ki tētahi mea takutai mārama, pari whenua, pōito rānei.
– Te whakatika tirohanga mā te whakawhiti i te tirohanga ki ngā rama, ki ngā whare rama, ki ngā mea whenua rānei e kitea nuitia ana.
– He mīhini orooro hei aroturuki i te ōritetanga o te hohonutanga ki te āhua e tumanakohia ana, inā koa mēnā he ngāwari te wai ki te paru.
Ko te ariā nui i konei ko te "aroturuki, kaua ko te whakatakoto mahere anake": kaua ko te tohu noa i te tūranga, engari ko te aro turuki kaha mēnā kei te peka ke te kaipuke i te ara, te tere o te peka, me te take (ngā ia taha, te hau, te pānga rānei o te taunekeneke a te kaipuke ki te taha o te awa).
4. Te pupuri i te ara: te taupū whakarara me te whakahaere ara
Ko tētahi tikanga radar tino whai hua i roto i ngā wai iti ko te whakarara taupū (PI). Mā te PI, ka hangaia e te kaiwhakatere he rārangi tohutoro e whakarara ana ki te huarahi i runga i te whakaaturanga radar, kia tere ai te kite i ngā peka taha. He tino whai hua tēnei i te pō, i te ua, i te iti rānei o te tirohanga.
Haunga te PI, ka whakamahia hoki e ngā kaipuke hou te mana whakahaere ara (hei tauira, te autopilot e hangai ana ki te ECDIS) hei pupuri i te huarahi. Heoi, i ngā wāhi kuiti me ngā wāhi kīkī, kaua te autopilot e whakakapi i te mataara o te tangata. Me noho tonu te aroturukitanga o ngā autopilot, me te rite ki te whakahaere ā-ringa.
5. Te whakahaere tere me te tawhiti tū
He mea nui te tere tika o te tikanga whakatere. I ngā wai whaiti:
– Mā te tere rawa ka poto te wā tauhohe, ā, ka nui ake te mōrearea o te hiahia ki te karo.
– Mēnā he iti rawa te tere, ka ngoikore te mana urungi, inā koa i ngā au me te hau.
Me whai whakaaro te kaiwhakatere ki te tawhiti tū o te kaipuke me te wāhi e wātea ana hei nekeneke i mua i te tahuritanga, i te tūtakitanga rānei ki tētahi atu kaipuke. He pai ake te whakarerekē i te mīhini i te wā wawe, kaua e whakarerekē ohorere, kia mau tonu ai te kaipuke, kia whai wā ai hoki te kapa ki te aromatawai i te āhuatanga.
6. Kia mārama ki te awe o ngā ia, te hau, me te "pānga peeke"
He maha ngā wā ka whakanuia e ngā wai whaiti ngā āhuatanga waiora e kore e kitea nuitia i te moana whānui. E toru ngā mea hei matapae:
1. Taunga me te paenga: ka panaia te kaipuke e te ia ki te taha (taunga) ka huri i tōna tere (paenga). Me mahi ngā whakatikatika huarahi i runga i ngā kitenga tūturu, kaua i ngā whakatau tata noa iho.
2. Pānga o te pareparenga: Ina tata rawa te kaipuke ki te taha o te awaawa, ka taea e te pēhanga wai e karapoti ana i te anga o te kaipuke te pana atu/ki taha, me te tōia o te kei ki te taha. He tino morearea tēnei mō ngā kaipuke nunui, mō ngā kaipuke rānei i roto i ngā awaawa whaiti.
3. Tūpeke: he pikinga ake o te kaha o te hau nā te tere i te wai pāpaku. Ka taea e te tūpeke te whakaiti i te UKC me te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te hinganga. Ko te whakaiti i te tere te nuinga o te wā hei ārai i te kino.
Mā te mārama ki ēnei pānga e toru ka āwhina i te kaiwhakatere ki te whiriwhiri i tētahi tūranga i te awaawa (kaua e tata rawa ki te taha), ki te pupuri i te tere haumaru, me te matapae i ngā whakatikatika urungi.
7. Te tirotiro ā-kanohi me te tirotiro haere
Ahakoa he tino āwhina ngā taputapu hou, he mea nui tonu te mātakitaki ā-kanohi, inā koa mō:
– Te pānui i ngā rama, ngā pōito, ngā tohu ārahi, me ngā wāhanga mārama.
– Te tautuhi i ngā kaipuke iti (ngā poti hī ika, ngā poti tere) kāore e kitea nuitia ana i te radar.
– Aromatawaihia ngā āhuatanga o te rangi ā-rohe pērā i te kohu, te ua nui, te kanapa rānei o te whanga.
Mā ngā kaitiaki pai ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā tukinga, ā, ka āwhina hoki ki te tere ake te whakatau whakatere, inā koa i te wā e kikī ana te waka.
8. Te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero, te VTS, me te whakatinanatanga o te COLREG
I ngā awaawa pukumahi, i ngā awa rānei, mā te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mārama ka ārai i ngā māramatanga kore. Ko ngā tikanga noa ko:
– Pūrongohia te tūranga me te mahere nekehanga ki a VTS mēnā e hiahiatia ana.
– Whakamahia te VHF i runga i te whai huatanga, engari i runga i te tika, me ngā kīanga mārama.
– Me whai tonu i ngā ture o te COLREG (Ngā Ture ā-Ao mō te Ārai i ngā Tukinga ki te Moana), tae atu ki ngā ture i roto i ngā awa whaiti, te aukati i te aukati i ngā kaipuke ka taea anake te whakatere haumaru i roto i ngā awa, me te herenga ki te pupuri i te tawhiti haumaru.
Heoi, kaua te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e whakakapi i ngā ture. Tērā pea ka puta he mōrearea ture me te haumaru i roto i ngā whakaaetanga reo irirangi e takahi ana i ngā COLREG.
9. Te Whakahaere Rauemi Piriti (BRM) me te wehewehenga tūranga
He mea nui te BRM mō te whakaterenga angitu i ngā wai whaiti. Me whakamahi ētahi mātāpono:
– He whakamōhiotanga i mua i te urunga ki ngā wai whaiti: te huarahi, ngā tūponotanga, te tere, ngā wāhi tino nui, me ngā mahi ohorere.
– Ngā mahi mārama: ko wai kei te tinihanga (te tuku whakahau mō te huarahi/tere), ko wai kei te aroturuki i te radar/ECDIS, ko wai kei te tuhi me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
– Te wero me te urupare: he ahurea o te whakatikatika tahi mēnā he rerekētanga, he ruarua rānei.
– Te whakahaere i te ngenge: me arotahi nui; me whai whakaaro ki te ngenge i te wā whakarite huringa mahi.
Mā te BRM pai, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o te "ira kotahi o te hinganga" nā te mea ka aroturukitia, ka tautokona hoki ngā whakataunga e te tīma.
10. Ngā tikanga ohorere: te tūponotanga, te ngaronga o te urungi, te pakaru o te mīhini
He iti noa te wāhi e wātea ana mō te mahi auaha i ngā wai whaiti. Nō reira, me mārama ki ngā tikanga ohorere i mua i te tomokanga ki te rohe, tae atu ki:
– Mahi tonu mēnā ka ngaro te mana o te mīhini: whakarite i te punga, waea atu mō te āwhina, whakamōhio atu ki a VTS.
– Te tukanga mō te tangata ki tua i te waka i roto i ngā awa whaiti, kikī.
– Whakamaherehia mēnā ka utaina ki uta: whakamutua te mīhini, tirohia mēnā he turuturu, tatauhia te tai, whakaritea ngā mahi whakaiti i te tai me te tuku pūrongo e ai ki te tikanga.
Mā ngā mahi whakaharatau me ngā rārangi arowhai ka tere, ka taurite hoki te urupare.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā tikanga whakatere mō te whakatere i ngā wai whaiti e uru ana ki te whakakotahitanga o te whakamahere taipitopito, te manatoko tūranga maha, te whakahaere tere, te mārama ki ngā pānga waiora, me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te mahi tahi i runga i te piriti. I ngā wāhi whaiti, ka pā he hua nui ki ngā hapa iti. Nō reira, ko te whakahaere whakatere—e tautokona ana e ngā tūtohi hou, te aroturuki tonu, me te BRM pakari—koia te tūāpapa o te haumaru. Mā te whakamahi tonu i ēnei tikanga, ka taea e ngā kaipuke te whakatere i ngā wai whaiti me te haumaru, te whai hua, me te rite ki ngā ture kaipuke e tika ana.
