He Aratohu mō te Whakatere i te Moana Hōhonu
He pūkenga te whakatere moana hohonu e whakakotahi ana i te mōhiotanga hangarau, te mōhiotanga ki te taiao, te whakamahere tupato, me te piripono ki ngā tikanga haumaru. He rerekē ki te whakatere takutai moana, e tuku ana i ngā tohu tirohanga maha, ko te whakatere moana hohonu me whakawhirinaki ngā kaiwhakatere ki ngā taputapu, ki ngā tataunga, me te whakamārama i te huarere me ngā raraunga o nāianei. Kei roto i tēnei tuhinga he aratohu whānui hei āwhina i te mārama ki ngā mātāpono, ngā taputapu, me ngā mahi pai o te whakatere moana hohonu .
1. Kia Mārama ki ngā Ariā Taketake o te Whakatere Moana Hōhonu
He rite tonu te whakatere moana hohonu ki te tawhiti mai i uta, te iti o ngā tohu tirohanga, me te tere o te hurihanga o ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Nō reira, ko te whāinga matua o te whakatere ko te whakarite kia haere haumaru, kia whai hua, kia rite hoki ki ngā ture o te ao te waka mai i tōna wāhi wehenga atu.
E toru ngā ariā matua me mātau:
1. Te whakatau i te tūranga (te whakatau i te tūranga): te whakatau i te tūranga o te kaipuke i ia wā mā te whakamahi i te GPS me/ranei ngā tikanga tārua.
2. Te whakamahere huarahi: te whakamahere i te huarahi kaipuke, ngā pūwāhi huarahi, me ngā huarahi kē atu mēnā ka puta he peka ke.
3. Te ārai i ngā tukinga: te pupuri i te tawhiti haumaru mai i ētahi atu kaipuke i runga anō i ngā COLREG (Ngā Ture ā-Ao mō te Ārai i ngā Tukinga ki te Moana).
I te moana hohonu, he mea nui anō hoki te whakahaere i ngā pukapuka takiuru whakatere, te aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga, me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
2. Te Whakamahere Huarahi: Te Pūtake o te Whakatere Haumaru
Ka tīmata te haerenga pai i mua i te wehenga o te kaipuke. He maha ngā wāhanga o te whakamahere huarahi moana hohonu:
a) Whakatauhia te ara ngā huarahi matua me ngā huarahi rerekē
Ka tīpakohia ngā ara matua i runga i te tawhiti, te haumaru, me ngā āhuatanga huarere. Ka whakaritea ngā ara rerekē mēnā ka puta he awha, he pakaru miihini, he nui rānei ngā waka i ngā wāhi.
b) Te tirotiro i ngā tūtohi moana me ngā tuhinga
Whakamahia mahere moana ngā mea hou rawa (tūtohi pepa, ECDIS rānei) me ngā whakaputanga pēnei i:
– Ngā Tohutohu Whakatere/Ngā Pukapuka Pairati
– Ngā Pānui ki ngā Kaihōpara (ngā whakahoutanga tohu mōrearea/whakatere)
– Rārangi Rama (rārangi rama/rama whakatere)
– Ngā ripanga tai me ngā mapi o ia au (ahakoa he nui ake te kaha o ngā ia o te moana hohonu i te taha o te takutai, he pānga tonu ngā ia o te moana hohonu ki te huarahi me te whakapaunga wahie)
c) Whakatūria ngā tohu ara me ngā rohe haumaru
Mā ngā tohu huarahi ka mau tonu te kaipuke i tōna huarahi tika. Hei tāpiri, whakatakotohia ngā rohe pēnei i:
– te tawhiti haumaru mai i ngā wāhi morearea,
– te rohe hohonu iti rawa (mēnā e tika ana),
– te rohe ārai, te wāhi whakangungu hōia rānei.
d) Ngā tātaitanga ETA me te wahie
Me whai whakaaro ki te wā taenga mai (ETA) me te nui o te kai e pau ana:
– te tere o te kaipuke,
– te hau me ngā ngaru (ka whakanui ake i te ātete),
– te iahiko (ka taea te tere ake, te whakaroa rānei),
– te kaupapa here "te ara huarere" hei karo i ngā āhuatanga tino kino.
3. Ngā Taputapu Whakatere Matua i te Moana Hōhonu
He nui te āwhina a ngā pūnaha hiko ki te whakatere o ēnei rā. Heoi, ko te kaupapa matua kia kaua e whakawhirinaki ki tētahi pūtake kotahi. Ko ngā taputapu e whai ake nei e whakamahia whānuitia ana:
a) GPS me te GNSS
Ka tere, ka tika hoki te tūnga o te GPS. Heoi anō, me mārama ngā kaiwhakatere ki ōna herenga, pērā i te pokanoa o te tohu, te tinihanga, ngā hapa whakauru rānei.
b) ECDIS (Pūnaha Whakaaturanga Tūtohi me te Mōhiohio Hiko)
Ka whakaatuhia e te ECDIS ngā mahere hiko kua whakauruhia ki ngā raraunga tūnga, te radar, te AIS, me ētahi atu pūoko. Kia mahara:
– ka whakahoutia tonutia ngā mahere (ENC),
– ngā tautuhinga whakaoho (te ara haumaru, te hapa whakawhiti-ara) e ai ki tēnā,
– e mārama ana ngā kaiwhakahaere ki ngā momo whakaatu me ngā tauine kia kore ai e mamingatia e te "whakanui rawa".
c) Te Radar me te ARPA
Mā te radar ka kitea ngā kaipuke, ngā ua, me ngā taonga i runga i te mata o te moana. Ka matapaetia e te ARPA (Aunoa Radar Plotting Aid) te mōrearea tukinga mā te tatau i te CPA (Pūwāhi Tata o te Huarahi) me te TCPA (Wā ki te CPA).
d) AIS (Pūnaha Tautuhi Aunoa)
Ka whakaatuhia e te AIS ngā tuakiri me ngā raraunga nekehanga o ētahi atu kaipuke. Heoi, ka whakawhirinaki te AIS ki ngā whakaurunga a te tangata, ā, ka hē pea, nō reira me manatoko mā te radar me te mātakitaki ā-kanohi.
e) Kāpehu aukume me te kāpehu wiri
He tohutoro ahunga te kāpehu. He pumau ake te kāpehu gyro mō ngā kaipuke nunui, engari me tirotiro tonu i ngā hapa gyro.
f) Ngā taputapu tārua tuku iho
Ko ngā sextant, ngā maramataka moana, me ngā tikanga whakatau tata (dead reckoning) hei tārua mō te korenga o ngā taputapu hiko. Mō ngā haerenga tawhiti, ka noho tonu ēnei āheinga hei "whakatau whakamutunga".
4. Tikanga Tūnga: Kaua e Whakawhirinaki noa ki te GPS
Me mahi tonu te whakanoho i ngā waka, ā, me manatoko hoki. I roto i ngā wai hohonu, ko ngā mahi noa ko:
– Ka whakatikahia e te GPS i ia wā, ka tuhia ki te rangitaki.
– Tirohia anō mā te whakamahi i te radar (mēnā he ūnga), te ahunga o te kāpehu, te tātaitanga DR rānei.
– Te Whakatau Tatau Mate (DR): te whakatau tata i te tūranga mai i te tūranga whakamutunga i runga i te tere me te ahunga, kātahi ka whakatikahia e te au/hau kia noho hei tūranga whakatau tata (EP).
Mena ka pai te rangi, ā, he pūkenga hoki te kapa, ka taea e te whakatere whetū te whakarato i tētahi tūranga tika. Ahakoa he onge te whakamahinga o ia rā i runga i ngā kaipuke hou, he whai hua tēnei tikanga ina he raruraru te GNSS.
5. Te Mārama ki te Huarere, ngā Ngaru, me ngā Ia
He nui te awe o ngā pūnaha huarere nui ki te moana hohonu. Nō reira:
– Aroturuki i ngā matapae huarere moana (hau, ngaru, pēhanga hau).
– Kia tūpato ki ngā panonitanga tere o te pēhanga, te piki haere o ngā ngaru, me ngā kapua cumulonimbus e tohu ana i tētahi awha.
– Whakamahia te huarahi huarere hei kimi i te huarahi haumaru me te huarahi tino ohanga.
Ka taea e ngā ia o te moana pērā i ngā ia o te ekueta, ngā ia whakawhiti-moana, ngā aupō rānei te pana i tētahi waka kia hē i te huarahi mā ētahi maero. Nō reira, inehia te "taumata me te nekeneke" (te ahunga me te tere o te ia) mā te whakatairite i te huarahi/tere o te waka ki te ara GPS i runga i te whenua (COG/SOG).
6. Ngā Ture Haumaru me te Ārai i te Tukinga
Kāore i te wātea ngā moana hohonu i te haereere. He maha ngā wā ka haere ngā kaipuke hokohoko nunui, ngā kaipuke hī ika, me ngā kaipuke tāke i ngā huarahi nui. Whāia ēnei mātāpono:
– kia tutuki i ngā whakaritenga COLREG,
– te whakamahi i te tirotiro ā-kanohi e tika ana,
– kaua e whakawhirinaki noa ki te AIS,
– te whakarerekē i te huarahi/tere kia mārama ai, kia māmā ai hoki ki ētahi atu waka te mārama.
I te pō, kia tika te mahi a ngā rama whakatere, ā, kia kaua e hunaia e ngā utanga, e te hanganga rānei o te kaipuke.
7. Te Whakahaere Mataaratanga me te Tikanga Whakahaere
Ka whakatauhia te haumaru o te whakatere e te auau o te mataaratanga. Ko ngā mahi pai ko:
– te wehewehenga mārama o ngā mahi i waenga i te OOW (Āpiha Mataara), te kaiurungi, me te kaitiaki,
– te whakamōhiotanga mō te whakawhiti kaitiaki (tūnga, huarahi, huarere, waka),
– te tuhi i ngā rātaka (tūnga, huarahi, tere, kaupapa nui),
– ngā tirotiro taputapu i ia wā (te whakahāngai i te radar, ngā whakaoho ECDIS, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero VHF/SSB).
Ko te ngenge te hoariri matua. Me whakarite kia nui te okiokinga o te kapa i roto i ngā wā mahi, nā te mea ahakoa he iti noa ngā hapa ka pā kino ki ngā moana nui.
8. Ngā Āhuatanga Ohorere: Te Whakarite me te Urupare
I te moana hohonu, tera pea kei tawhiti te āwhina. Nō reira:
– whakahaere i ngā whakangungu ohorere (te whakaeke i te tangata ki runga kaipuke, te ahi, te turuturu),
– kia rite te reo irirangi EPIRB, SART, me te GMDSS,
– te whakarite i tētahi mahere "whakarērea kaipuke" tūturu,
– kia mārama ki ngā tikanga raruraru: Mayday, ngā taunga, te momo tūponotanga, te hiahia āwhina.
Mēnā ka rahua te whakatere hiko , me huri tonu ki ngā tikanga tārua: whakaitihia te tere mēnā e tika ana, whakanuia te mātakitaki, whakamahia te DR/compass, me te whakatū hononga ki ngā kaipuke e karapoti ana.
9. Ngā Tohutohu Whai Hua mō te Whakatere Whai Hua
Ko ētahi āhuatanga e wehewehe ana i ngā kaiwhakatere pono:
– Tirohia tonutia ngā raraunga mō te pātai "he tika?" Mēnā ka peke ohorere te tūnga, kimihia te take.
– Kaua e whakaroa i ngā whakatau ina piki ake te mōrearea o te tukinga.
– Waihangahia he mahere māmā, he ngāwari hoki ki te whakatinana, kaua he ara uaua e uaua ki te aroturuki.
– Whakahōuhia ngā mapi me ngā pūmanawa i mua i te whakatere.
– Whakamaua he tikanga ki te whakataurite i te GPS, te radar, te kāpehu, me te rārangi tere.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakatere moana hohonu he huinga o te whakamahere huarahi tupato, te whakamahinga tika o ngā taputapu, te mārama ki te rangi me ngā ia, me te tiaki me te haumaru. He āwhina ngā hangarau pēnei i te GPS, te ECDIS, te radar, me te AIS, engari ka pupuri tonu te kaiwhakatere pai i ngā tikanga tārua me te manatoko tonu i ngā raraunga. Mā ngā tikanga tika, te aroturuki tonu, me te whakarite mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere, ka taea te haumaru, te whai hua, me te whakahaere i te whakatere moana hohonu.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi horopaki motuhake—hei tauira, he aratohu mō tētahi poti hī ika, he kaipuke tere, he kaipuke utanga, he horopaki whakatere moana rānei—me ngā rārangi arowhai i mua i te wehenga atu me te wā e mātakihia ana.
