Ngā Tikanga Whakatere mā te Whakamahi i ngā Mahere Āhua Moana
Kāore te whakatere i te moana e whakawhirinaki tonu ki ngā takutai moana, ki ngā taputapu tirohanga rānei pērā i ngā whare rama. I te nekenga atu o ngā kaipuke i uta, ko ngā mōhiohio tino pumau me te ōrite e ahu mai ana i te "āhua" o te papa moana. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai ngā mahere āhua moana—e kiia ana ko ngā mahere kaukau. E whakaatu ana ēnei mahere i te hohonu me te āhua o te papa moana mā roto i ngā rārangi āhua (isobaths) me ētahi atu tohu kaukau, e āhei ai ngā kaiwhakatere ki te whakamahere huarahi, ki te karo i ngā tūponotanga, me te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga o ngā wai e whitia ana e rātou. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga whakatere mahi mā te whakamahi i ngā mahere āhua moana, mai i ngā ariā taketake ki te tono mahi.
Te Mārama ki ngā Mahere Āhua Moana (Te Ine Kaukau)
Ka whakaatuhia e ngā mahere āhua moana ngā hohonutanga wai mā te whakamahi i ngā rārangi e hono ana i ngā pūwāhi o te hohonutanga ōrite. Ka kiia ēnei rārangi he isobaths. Ka tata te tawhiti o ngā rārangi āhua, ka pari ake te panonitanga o te hohonutanga. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā āhua e wehea ana e tohu ana i te papa moana ngawari. He tino whai hua ēnei mōhiohio mō te whakatau tata i ngā wāhi haumaru hei whakatere, inā koa mō ngā kaipuke he nui te hau.
Haunga ngā kōtaha, kei roto hoki i ngā tūtohi moana ngā pūwāhi hohonu (ngā oro), ngā momo raro (onepu, paru, korara), ngā arai (ngā toka, ngā kaipuke pakaru), ngā ara kaipuke, me ngā āwhina whakatere. Me pānui ngātahi ēnei āhuatanga katoa. He hapa noa te arotahi ki tētahi āhua hohonu kotahi me te kore e whakaaro ki te ia o ngā kōtaha e karapoti ana, engari ko te mea pono, he maha ngā wā ka tohu ngā huringa kōtaha i te tūponotanga o te tūponotanga.
Te Whakatau i te Tauine me te Hōhonutanga o te Rarangi
I mua i te whakamahi i tētahi mahere āhua, kia mārama koe ki te tauine mahere me te raraunga e whakamahia ana. Mā te tauine ka whakatauhia te taumata o ngā taipitopito. He pai ngā mahere tauine nui (hei tauira, 1:25.000) mō te whakatere tata ki te takutai, te tomo ki ngā tauranga, te whakatere rānei i ngā kokoru whaiti. He pai ake ngā mahere tauine iti (hei tauira, 1:250.000) mō te whakatere tawhiti, engari tera pea ka hunaia ngā taipitopito mōrearea ā-rohe.
Ko te raraunga hohonu te tohutoro kore mō ngā uara hohonu i runga i te tūtohi, e pā ana ki te tai timu o te ao (Tautuhi Rā). Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te hohonu kua tohua he iti rawa "pūmau". I te tai timu, ka nui ake pea te hohonu tuturu; i te tai timu rawa, ka tata ake pea te hohonu ki te uara tūtohi, ka iti ake rānei nā ngā āhuatanga ngaru, te pēhanga, me ngā huringa āhua. Ka tāpirihia tonutia e ngā kaiwhakatere pai he tawhē haumaru.
Tikanga Taketake: Te Aromatawai i te Haumaru Hōhonu (I raro i te Ātea o te Keel)
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te whakatere i runga i te āhua ko te tatau i te Under Keel Clearance (UKC), arā, ko te tawhiti e toe ana i waenga i te takere o te kaipuke me te papa moana. He māmā noa iho te tātai:
UKC = Hōhonutanga tuturu – Te tōpana o te kaipuke – Ngā whakatikatika (ngā ngaru, te piko, me ētahi atu)
Ka taea te whakatau tata i te hohonutanga tuturu mai i te hohonutanga o te mapi me te teitei o te tai. Heoi, he mea nui ngā whakatikatika pēnei i te squat (te whakaheke i te tūranga o te kaipuke i roto i te wai i te wā e neke ana) i ngā wai pāpaku, i ngā awaawa rānei. Mā te mapi āhua, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i tētahi ara e whai ana i ngā āhua hohonutanga haumaru, kaua ko te mea "e āhua tika ana" anake.
Ngā Tikanga Pānui Āhua: Kati, Wetekina rānei
He rite te pānui i ngā rārangi kōtaha ki te pānui i tētahi mapi whenua, engari he rerekē te ariā: ko te iti o ngā tau he papaku (morearea), ko te nui o ngā tau he hohonu (haumaru). Ētahi mātāpono nui:
1. Ngā āhua whāiti: he tohu o tētahi pari koi, o tētahi pari rānei i raro i te wai. I ngā wāhi pēnei, ka tere te huri o ngā hohonutanga. Mā tētahi hapa iti i te tūnga ka taea e te kaipuke te tomo ohorere ki te wai papaku rawa.
2. Āhua pāpaku: he papa raro e piko ana. He māmā ake te whakatau tata i ngā panoni hohonu, engari me tūpato tonu ki ngā pūngao ā-rohe (ngā papaku) me ngā korara.
3. Ngā pari me ngā awaawa: he tauira āhua e hanga ana i te āhua "U" "V" rānei ka taea te pānui hei tautuhi i te hanganga o raro. He maha ngā wā ka whakaratohia e ngā awaawa he ara haumaru mō ngā waka nui, ko ngā pari ia he tūponotanga huna.
Mā te whakaharatau, ka taea e koe te "whakaaro" i te tirohanga o te papa moana mai i ēnei rārangi, kia māmā ake ai, kia tere ake ai hoki ngā whakatau whakatere.
Te Whakamahere Ara me te "Whai i te Āhua"
Ko tētahi tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te whai i te āhua o te wai, arā, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi ara e tata ana ki tētahi rārangi hohonu. Hei tauira, ko tētahi waka iti e hiahia ana kia noho haumaru mai i ngā toka, ka whai pea i tētahi āhua o te wai 10–15 mita te roa, ko tētahi waka nui ake ia me whai i tētahi āhua o te wai 30 mita, neke atu rānei.
Ngā mahi whakamahere:
– Whakatauhia te hohonutanga haumaru mōrahi i runga i te hauhautanga + UKC.
– Kimihia te āhua e tohu ana i te rohe haumaru.
– Whakamaherehia ngā ara kia noho tonu ki te taha "roto" (hōhonu ake) o te rohe.
– Tāutuhia ngā wāhi tino nui: ngā pari o te papa moana, ngā wāhi whaiti te āhua, ngā whaiti rānei o te awa.
He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga i ngā wai moutere, i ngā kokoru, i ngā wāhi toka rānei, ina taea e te ara "tapahi" rawa te haere i runga i ngā pari pāpaku.
Tirohia anō me te Echo Sounder: "Te Whakataurite i ngā Kōtaha Hōhonu"
Ka nui ake te kaha o ngā mahere āhua ina honoa ki tētahi taputapu orooro (te kimi ika/te sonar hohonu). Ka taea e koe te whakataurite i ngā hohonutanga o te wā tūturu ki ngā mea i whakatauhia mai i te mahere. Mena he ōrite te rerekētanga, tera pea nā:
– Kāore i te tika te whakatikatika tāutanga,
– He rerekē te raraunga mahere i te pūnaha taputapu,
– He panoni kei te papa moana (te whakapūpū/te horo),
– Kāore te tūnga GPS i te tika, kāore rānei i te tika te kauwhata.
Ko tētahi tikanga noa ko te waihanga i tētahi "kōtaha" hōhonutanga i te ara. Ina tohu ngā rārangi kōtaha i tētahi pikinga (he hōhonutanga e heke ana), me whakaū te orooro whakaata i taua ia. Ki te kore e ōrite, arotakehia tonutia tō tūranga me tō huarahi.
Te Whakatau i te Tūnga mā te Āwhina o ngā Āwhata (Whakatika Āwhata)
I ngā wāhi he iti noa ngā tohu tirohanga, ka taea e ngā kōtaha te āwhina i te whakatau tata i te tūranga mā te tikanga e kīia nei ko te whakatikatika kōtaha: ka whakataurite koe i te hohonu i inehia me ngā tauira kōtaha huri noa ki ērā kei runga i te mapi. He māmā noa te kaupapa:
– Ki te ine koe i tētahi hōhonutanga, kei te taha tonu koe o taua rārangi kōtaha hōhonutanga.
– Mā te ine i ētahi wā i a koe e neke ana (hei tauira, i ia meneti torutoru), ka kitea e koe mēnā kei te whiti te kaipuke i te āhua, kei te whakarara rānei.
– Ko ngā panonitanga tere o te hohonu e tohu ana kei te whakatata koe ki tētahi pari, ki tētahi tūponotanga rānei.
Ehara tēnei tikanga i te whakakapi mō te GPS, engari he tino whai hua mō te manatoko. I ngā wā e pāngia ana e te tohu, e te kohu, e te rahunga rānei o ngā taputapu hiko, he pūkenga whakaora ora te kaha ki te "pānui" i te hohonutanga.
Te Tāutu i ngā Tūponotanga: Ngā Ākau, Ngā Pae Oneone, me Ngā Pakaru o te Waka
I runga i ngā mapi āhuarangi, he maha ngā wā ka tohuhia ngā tūponotanga mā te huinga o ngā āhuarangi tata, ngā tau hōhonu iti, ngā tohu motuhake rānei. Ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia aro nui atu:
– Te onepū: he pikinga o te papa moana ka heke ohorere te hohonu.
– Korara: ka puta mai he wāhi pāpaku me ngā tauira kōpiko koretake.
– Ngā kaipuke pakaru: he tohu te nuinga o te wā, i ētahi wā he iti rawa te hohonutanga i runga ake i te kaipuke pakaru.
I te wā e whakamahere ana i tētahi huarahi, kaua e tuhi noa i tētahi rārangi tika. Waihangahia he ara haumaru e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā nekehanga pea nā ngā ia me ngā hau, me te wāhi hoki hei nekeneke.
Te Pānga o ngā Au me ngā Tai ki ngā Āputa Mahi
Kāore ngā kōpiko o te tūtohi e rerekē i ia hāora, engari ka rerekē ngā āhuatanga mahi nā te tai, te ia, me ngā ngaru. I ngā kokoru whaiti, ka taea e ngā ia te pana i ngā kaipuke ki waho i ngā rārangi kōpiko haumaru. Nō reira:
– Tātaihia te huinga o te au me te nekehanga,
– Whakaarohia ngā tai i ngā wāhi whaiti, i ngā wāhi pāpaku rānei,
– Whakaitihia te tere i ngā wāhi pāpaku hei whakaiti i te tūpeke,
– Whakamahia ngā pūwāhi ara kua whakanohoia ki te taha haumaru o te kōtaha.
Ara, ko ngā kōpiko te "mahere whenua," ko ngā tai me ngā ia te "huarere whenua." Me whakakotahi ēnei e rua.
Ngā Hapa Noa me te Āhua ki te Ārai i a rātou
Ko ētahi hapa e puta pinepine ana i te whakamahinga o ngā mahere āwhata moana:
1. Kāore e whakaarohia te tai me te tai: ki te whakaarohia ko te hohonu o te mapi te hohonu o nāianei.
2. Te kore aro ki te tauine mapi: te whakamahi i ngā mapi tauine iti mō ngā nekeneke taipitopito.
3. Te whakawhirinaki nui ki tētahi taputapu: te kore e whakataurite i ngā mapi, te GPS, me te taputapu oro whakaata.
4. Kāore e whakarato i te tawhē: he tata rawa te ara ki te rohe haumaru o te kōtaha, ahakoa ka taea e te ia te pana i te kaipuke.
Ko te otinga he whakahaere tikanga: te whakamahere huarahi, te aromatawai i ia wā, me te whakarite i ngā mahere rerekē i ngā wā katoa.
Te Katinga
Ko te whakatere mā te whakamahi i ngā tūtohi āhua moana he pūkenga e whakakotahi ana i te māramatanga ki te ine kaukau, te whakamahere huarahi, me te manatoko mara mā roto i ngā ine hohonu. Mā te pānui tata i ngā rārangi āhua, te whiriwhiri i ngā āhua haumaru hei whai, me te whakataurite i ngā raraunga orooro ki te tūtohi, ka taea e ngā heramana te whakapai ake i te haumaru me te whai huatanga. I tēnei wā hou o te whakatere, ka māmā ake te whakatere mā ngā tūtohi hiko, engari ko te mātāpono āhua te tūāpapa tonu. Ina taea e koe te "kite" i te āhua o te papa moana mai i ngā rārangi āhua, ehara i te mea kei te whai noa koe i tētahi huarahi—kei te mārama koe ki te whenua e whakaterehia ana e koe.
