Ngā Tikanga Taketake mō te Whakamahi i ngā Tūtohi Moana me te Kāpehu
He pūkenga nui te whakatere moana mō te hunga e mahi ana i runga i te wai—ahakoa he kaihao ika, he kaipoi waka whakangahau, he mema o te hapori takutai moana, he kaimahi waka ngaio rānei. Ahakoa he maha ngā waka e whakawhirinaki ana ki te GPS me ngā taputapu hiko, ko te kaha ki te pānui i ngā tūtohi moana me te whakamahi i te kāpehu he tūāpapa nui tonu. Ka pāngia pea ngā taputapu hiko e te pokanoa o ngā tohu, ka ngaro te mana, ka pakaru rānei i te wai tote. Nō reira, ko te mārama ki ngā tikanga taketake o te whakamahi i ngā tūtohi moana me te kāpehu he taahiraa whakaaro nui ki te haumaru, te whakatere tere, me te whakatau tika i te moana.
Te Mārama ki ngā Tūtohi Moana: He "Reo" i runga i te Wai
He mahere motuhake te tūtohi moana i hangaia mō te whakatere i runga i ngā wai. Kāore i rite ki ngā tūtohi whenua, ka whakanuia e ngā tūtohi moana ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā kaipuke, pērā i te hohonutanga (ngā oro), ngā āhua o te papa moana, ngā arai (ngā toka, ngā pakaru kaipuke), ngā wāhi kua herea, ngā ara kaipuke, me ngā mōhiohio tai me te o nāianei.
Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga nui o te tūtohi moana me mōhio koe ki:
1. Tauine mapi: E whakaatu ana i te ōwehenga o te tawhiti i runga i te mapi ki te tawhiti tuturu. Mā te tauine nui (hei tauira, 1:25.000) ka nui ake ngā taipitopito mō ngā tauranga, ngā kokoru whaiti rānei, ko te tauine iti ia (hei tauira, 1:500.000) e pai ana mō te whakatere i tawhiti.
2. Ngā rārangi hōhonutanga me ngā tau hōhonutanga: E whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā mita, i ngā whuthoma rānei, i runga i te paerewa o te mapi. Tirohia tonutia ngā waeine i roto i te tohu.
3. Ngā tohu whakatere: Ka whakaatuhia ngā whare rama, ngā rama iti, ngā pōito, ngā rārangi ārahi, me ngā tohu mōrearea me ngā tohu motuhake. He pūkenga matua te pānui i ēnei tohu.
4. Te ahunga ki te raki: Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e ngā tūtohi moana te raki tūturu. He mea nui tēnei ina whakaritea ki te kāpehu, e pā ana ki te raki aukume.
5. Rōhi kāpehu: Mā tēnei wāhanga koe e āwhina ki te whakatau i te ahunga, ā, kei roto hoki ngā mōhiohio rerekētanga aukume e mahi ana hei piriti i waenga i te ahunga mapi me te ahunga kāpehu.
Te Mārama ki ngā Kāpehu me te Rerekētanga Aukume
E tohu ana te kāpehu aukume i te ahunga e pā ana ki te raki aukume, ehara i te raki tūturu. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā mea e rua ka kiia ko te rerekētanga aukume. Ko ngā tau rerekētanga ka tohua i runga i ngā tūtohi moana, me te ahunga (E, W rānei) me te huringa ā-tau. Ko te hapa noa a te tīmatanga ko te kore aro ki te rerekētanga aukume, ka arahi pea ki te ara me te tūranga pōturi.
Haunga te rerekētanga, kei reira anō te rerekētanga, arā, te hapa o te kāpehu i puta mai i te awe o te konganuku/hikohiko ki te kaipuke. Ka rerekē te rerekētanga i runga i te ahunga, ā, ka tuhia ki te "kāri rerekētanga" o te kaipuke. Mō ngā tikanga taketake, arotahi ki te ariā o te rerekētanga i te tuatahi; engari kia mahara ko te rerekētanga he take anō e whai wāhi ana ki ngā pānui kāpehu hē.
Ngāwari noa iho:
– Te ahunga i runga i te mapi = Pono (T)
– Te ahunga o te kāpehu = Aukume (M)
Ka whai te huringa i ngā rerekētanga kua tohua ki te tūtohi. He maha ngā kaiwhakatere e whakamahi ana i tētahi ture matua, engari ko te mea nui ko te noho rite tonu, me te tirotiro tonu mēnā ko te rerekētanga kua tohua ki te E (rāwhiti) ki te W rānei (uru).
Ngā Utauta Taketake e Hiahiatia Ana e Koe hei Whakarite
Mō te whakangungu me te whakaharatau whakatere ā-ringa, ko te tikanga me:
– Ngā mapi moana e tika ana mō te rohe kaipuke
– Kāpehu (kāpehu whai/kāpehu ringa, kāpehu kaipuke rānei)
– Pene, ūkui, rūri
– He mea wehewehe hei ine i te tawhiti
– He mīhini whakatakoto tapatoru, he rūri whakarara rānei hei neke i te ahunga
– Pukapuka takiuru whakatere
Mā ēnei taputapu, ka taea e koe te mahi whakatere taketake: te whakatau i te tūranga, te waihanga huarahi, te tatau i ngā tawhiti, me te pupuri i te huarahi.
Tikanga Taketake 1: Te Whakatau i te Tūnga i runga i te Mahere (Te Whakatika i te Tūnga)
Ko te whakatau i te tūranga o te kaipuke te kaupapa matua o te whakatere. He maha ngā tikanga matua:
1) Te tūnga o te "whakatika" tirohanga (whatunga whakawhiti)
Ko te huarahi matarohia ko te whai i ngā aronga (ngā tohutohu) ki ngā mea mārama e rua, e toru rānei, hei tauira, he whare rama, he pourewa, he puke noa, he tohu rākau rānei. Ngā Hipanga:
1. Whakahāngaihia te mea A ki te kāpehu, ka mōhio ki tōna ahunga aukume.
2. Whakahokia anō mō te mea B (me C mēnā kei reira).
3. Tahurihia ngā peera aukume ki ngā peera tūturu (mā te whakamahi i ngā momo rerekētanga).
4. I runga i te mapi, tuhia he rārangi mai i te mea A i te taha whakamuri (tauutuutu) ki te whāriki, kia "tohu" ai te rārangi ki te tūranga o te kaipuke.
5. Me mahi anō hoki te mahi pera mō ngā mea B (me C).
Ko te pūwāhi e tūtaki ai ngā rārangi ko te tūranga whakatau tata o te kaipuke (whakatika). Mā te koi o te koki i waenganui i ngā rārangi, ka pai ake te tika.
2) Te tūnga o te tawhiti me te ahunga
Ki te mōhio koe ki te tawhiti mai i tētahi mea (hei tauira, mai i te radar, i te whakatau tata rānei) me tōna ahunga, ka taea e koe te tuhi i tētahi rārangi pane me te whakawhiti i taua rārangi ki tētahi porowhita o te tawhiti (radius) o te mea.
3) Tatau mate (DR)
Ko te DR he whakatau tata mō te tūranga i runga i te huarahi, te tere, me te wā haere mai i te tūranga whakamutunga e mōhiotia ana. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te hunga kāore e kitea pai. Heoi, he maha ngā hapa o te DR, nō reira me whakatika pinepine mā te whakamahi i ngā whakatikatika tirohanga i ngā wā katoa e taea ai.
Tikanga Taketake 2: Te Ine i te Tawhiti me te Tatau i te Wā Haere
I runga i ngā tūtohi moana, ka inehia ngā tawhiti mā te whakamahi i te tauine whānui kei te taha o te mahere, nā te mea ko te 1 meneti o te whānui = 1 maero moana. Te huarahi mahi:
1. Tangohia he anga wehewehe, whakatuwheratia kia rite ki te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā pūwāhi e rua i runga i te mapi.
2. Neke atu ki te tauine whānui kei te taha o te mapi (tīpakohia he tauine e tata ana ki te rohe e inehia ana).
3. Pānuihia te tawhiti i roto i ngā maero moana.
Hei tatau i te wā haere:
– Wā (hāora) = Tawhiti (maero moana) / Tere (pona)
Mena kei te tere tō kaipuke i te 10 knots, ā, ko te tawhiti he 20 maero, ko te wā = 2 hāora. Mā tēnei tātaitanga māmā koe e āwhina ki te whakatau tata i ngā wā taenga mai (ETA) me te whakamahere i ngā huringa mataaratanga, i te whakakī wahie rānei.
Tikanga Taketake 3: Te Waihanga i tētahi Ara me te Whakatau i te Ara o te Kāpehu
I te wā e whakamahere ana i tētahi ara:
1. Tautuhia te tīmatanga me te ūnga ki te mapi.
2. Tuhia he rārangi ara i waenganui i ngā pūwāhi, me te karo i ngā wāhi pāpaku, i ngā korara, i ngā TSS (kaupapa wehewehe waka), i ngā wāhi kua rāhuitia rānei.
3. Inehia te ahunga o te ara i ngā nekehanga tuturu (te huarahi tuturu) mā te whakamahi i te rūri kauwhata/rūri whakarara me te rōhi kāpehu.
4. Tahurihia ki te pane aukume kia pānuihia e te kāpehu.
Haunga te ahunga, kia tūpato ki ngā arai me ngā rārangi whakawātea kia noho tonu ai te waka i roto i te wai hohonu. I ngā wāhi whaiti, waihangahia he ara āta haere (ngā tohu huarahi) kia māmā ake ai te whai i te ara, kia iti ake ai te tūponotanga o te peka ke.
Tikanga Taketake 4: Te Whakatikatika i te Au me te Hau (Te Tautuhi me te Āmiomio)
Kāore i te tino ōrite te ahunga o ngā kaipuke i te moana nā te au me te hau. I roto i te whakatere, ka whakahuatia te au penei:
– Tautuhi: te ahunga o nāianei (ngā nekehanga)
– Te tere o te au (ngā pona)
Mena kei te panaia te kaipuke e te ia ki tētahi ahunga, me "whakatikatika" koe mā te huri i te huarahi mā ētahi nekehanga ki te ahunga kē. Ina tirohia i runga i te mapi, ka taea tēnei mā te whakamahi i te tikanga tapatoru whārite: whakakotahihia te whārite tere o te kaipuke me te whārite ia hei whiwhi i te huarahi tuturu (te huarahi i runga i te whenua). Mō ngā tīmatanga, he huarahi whai hua te whakatika i tō tūranga me te whakarerekē i tō huarahi mena ka kite koe kei te peka ke koe i te huarahi.
Tikanga Taketake 5: Te Whakahaere Takitaki me te Whakatere
Ko te haumaru o te whakatere e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whanonga o:
– Tuhia te wā, te ara, te tere, ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, me te whakatika i te tūranga i ia wā.
– Tohua te tūranga i runga i te mapi mā te tohu me te wā (hei tauira, i ia 30 meneti, i ia 1 hāora rānei).
– Tirohia te hohonu me te whakatairite ki te mapi, ina koa ka whakatata atu koe ki te takutai moana, ki ngā wai pāpaku rānei.
– Whakamahia he "ture haumaru" māmā: ki te ruarua koe, whakaitihia te tere, me te whakanui ake i te mātakitaki.
Mā te rangitaki mārama koe e āwhina ki te whai i ngā hapa, ki te whakatau tata i te tūnga ina raru ana te taputapu, ā, hei taunakitanga hoki mō ngā tikanga pai mēnā ka puta he aituā.
Ngā Hapa Noa me te Āhua ki te Ārai i a rātou
Ko ētahi hapa e puta pinepine ana i roto i te hunga tīmata:
1. Te kore aro ki ngā rerekētanga aukume kia tawhiti rawa te peka o te ara.
2. Te pānui hē i ngā waeine hohonu (mita me te whuthoma) te kore rānei e aro ki ngā raraunga hohonu.
3. Te whakawhirinaki nui ki tētahi pūtake (hei tauira, ko te GPS anake, ko te DR anake rānei). Ko te mahi pai ko te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga.
4. Kāore e whakahōu ana i ngā mapi, kāore rānei e pānui i te Pānui ki ngā Kaihōpara ina wātea.
5. Kāore e whai whakaaro ki ngā ia, inā koa i ngā kokoru, i ngā taha rānei o ngā awaawa.
Mā te mahi auau, ka tere tō mōhio ki ngā tauira me te whakatika i ngā hapa i mua i te noho hei mea morearea.
Te Katinga
He pūkenga taketake te whakamahi i te tūtohi moana me te kāpehu hei whakapakari i te māia ki te moana. Mai i te mārama ki ngā tohu mapi, te ine i ngā tawhiti, te whakatau i ngā ahunga, ki te whakatika i te tūranga me te whakatika i ngā ia, ka whai wāhi katoa ēnei ki te haumaru me te whai hua o te whakatere. Ahakoa he āwhina te hangarau hou, he "mahere tārua" ngā pūkenga whakatere ā-ringa hei whakaora i tō haerenga ina kore e pai ngā āhuatanga. Whakaharatauhia ēnei tikanga taketake mā te āta haere, kia mau tonu te pupuri i ngā tuhinga, ā, kia mau tonu te haumaru i ia haerenga.
