Ngā Tikanga Whakatere Moana Whai Hua
Ko te whakatere moana te toi me te pūtaiao o te whakatau i te tūranga me te huarahi o te kaipuke i te moana whānui. Ko te whāinga kia tae haumaru, kia whai hua hoki te kaipuke ki tōna ūnga. Nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau, kua rerekē haere ngā tikanga whakatere moana. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga whakatere moana whai hua, mai i ngā tikanga tuku iho ki ngā mea hou rawa atu.
1. Te Whakaterenga Whetu
Ko te whakatere whetū tētahi o ngā tikanga whakatere tawhito rawa atu e whakamahia tonutia ana i ēnei rā. Ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā mātakitakitanga o ngā whetū, te marama, te rā, me ngā aorangi hei whakatau i te tūranga o te kaipuke i te moana.
a. Te Whakamahinga o te Sextant
He taputapu nui te ine ira mō te whakatere i ngā whetū. Mā tēnei taputapu, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatere te ine i te koki i waenga i ngā tinana o te rangi me te pae tawhiti. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei raraunga, me te Nautical Almanac, ka taea e rātou te whakatau i te tirohanga a te kaipuke i te moana.
b. Tikanga Whakaiti Tirohanga
Ko te tikanga whakaiti tirohanga he maha ngā ripanga me ngā tātai e āwhina ana ki te huri i ngā inenga koki ki ngā taunga mapi. Mā tēnei, ka taea e ngā heramana te whakatau i te taunga o tā rātou kaipuke me te tino tika, ahakoa i roto i te moana nui.
2. Te Whakatere Pepa me te Kāpehu
Ko tētahi atu tikanga whakatere tuku iho e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te whakamahi i te mapi me te kāpehu. Ahakoa te āhua māmā, he whai hua tonu tēnei tikanga, inā koa i ngā wā ohorere.
a. Mahere Moana
He tūtohi moana he whakaaturanga taipitopito o tētahi rohe wai, tae atu ki ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā hohonutanga, ngā takutai moana, ngā tohu whenua whakatere, me ngā tūponotanga o raro i te wai. He mea nui ēnei tūtohi mō te whakamahere huarahi me te karo i ngā tūponotanga.
b. Kāpehu Aukume
He taputapu whakatere te kāpehu aukume e whakamahi ana i te papa aukume o te Ao hei tohu ki te raki. Ahakoa te taenga mai o te hangarau GPS, he taputapu nui tonu te kāpehu, inā koa ka pakaru ngā taputapu hiko.
c. Te Whakataunga Mate
Ko te tātaitanga mate he tikanga hei whakatau i te tūranga o te kaipuke i runga i tōna tere, te ahunga, me te wā i pahure mai i tōna tūranga whakamutunga i mōhiotia. Ahakoa he iti ake te tika i ērā atu tikanga, he whai hua tonu te tātaitanga mate, inā koa i te wā e iti ana te tirohanga, i te wā rānei kāore he huarahi atu ki ētahi atu taputapu whakatere.
3. Whakatere Hiko
Nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau, kua tino hurihia te whakatere moana e te whakaurunga mai o ngā taputapu hiko. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake i te tika anake engari ka ngāwari ake hoki te whakamahi.
a. GPS (Pūnaha Tūnga Ao)
He hangarau te GPS e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā amiorangi hei whakatau i te tūranga o te kaipuke i te wā tūturu me te tino tika. Kua noho tēnei pūnaha hei paerewa mō te whakatere o ēnei rā.
b. ECDIS (Pūnaha Whakaaturanga Tūtohi me te Mōhiohio Hiko)
He pūnaha a ECDIS e whakamahi ana i ngā mapi hiko me ētahi atu raraunga, pērā i te GPS me ngā tūranga radar, hei whakarato i ngā mōhiohio whakatere whānui. Mā tēnei pūnaha matatau ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatere te whakahaere i ngā huarahi, te tautuhi i ngā tūponotanga, me te whakatere haumaru me te whai hua.
c. AIS (Pūnaha Tautuhi Aunoa)
He pūnaha aroturuki aunoa a AIS e āhei ai ngā kaipuke ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pēnei i tō rātou tuakiri, tō rātou tūranga, tō rātou tere, me tō rātou huarahi ki ētahi atu kaipuke me ngā teihana takutai. Mā tēnei painga ka taea te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā tukinga, inā koa i ngā wāhi he nui te waka i roto i te moana.
4. Te Whakaterenga Ā-Inertia
Ko te whakatere ā-inertia he tikanga whakatere e whakamahi ana i ngā ine tere me ngā ine wiri hei whakatau i te tūranga, te ahunga, me te tere o te kaipuke, me te kore e hiahiatia he tohu o waho. Ahakoa he utu nui, he uaua hoki, he tino whai hua tēnei pūnaha i ngā āhuatanga kāore e pono ai ngā tohu GPS, pērā i raro i te wai, i ngā wāhi rānei he nui te pokanoa o ngā tohu.
a. INS (Pūnaha Whakatere Ā-Inertia)
Ka whakamahia e te INS ngā pūoko inertial hei ine i ngā huringa o te tere me te ahunga. Kātahi ka whakauruhia e te pūnaha ēnei raraunga hei whakatau i te tūranga o te kaipuke. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia te whakatere inertial me te GPS hei whakapai ake i te tika me te pono.
b. Ngā Painga me ngā Huakore o te INS
Ko te painga matua o te INS ko tōna kaha ki te mahi motuhake me te kore e whakawhirinaki ki ngā tohu o waho, ā, he tino whai hua i roto i ngā āhuatanga taiao uaua. Heoi, ka taea e ngā hapa iti o ngā inenga te kohikohi i roto i te wā, nō reira he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he whakatikatika ā-wā mō te INS mai i ētahi atu puna whakatere pēnei i te GPS.
5. Te Wheako me te Māramatanga o te Heramana
Haunga te hangarau, ko te pūkenga me te wheako o ngā kaiwhakatere he mea nui tonu mō te whakatere. He maha ngā wā ka mōhio ngā kaiwhakatere mātau ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe, te huringa āhuarangi, ngā ia o te moana, me ngā tauira whetū e kore e taea te whakakapi e te hangarau.
a. Te Pānui Huarere
He pūkenga nui te pānui i te huarere mō ngā kaiwhakatere mohio. Mā te mārama ki ngā tauira o te hau, te kapua, me te ngaru, ka taea e rātou te whakatau i ngā whakatau nui mō ngā huarahi whakatere me te wā.
b. Te Mārama ki ngā Au me ngā Ngaru
Mā te wheako ki te pānui i ngā ia me ngā ngaru o te moana ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakatere ki te whakapai ake i ā rātou haerenga. Mā te mārama ki te pānga o ngā ia me ngā ngaru ki tētahi kaipuke ka taea te penapena wahie me te wā.
c. Te Āhuatanga Whakatere
He mea nui anō hoki te pūmanawa i hangaia i roto i ngā tau. Ina kore e angitu te hangarau, ina tukuna mai rānei he raraunga whakapoauau, he maha ngā wā ka ora te pūmanawa o te heramana.
6. Te Whakangungu me te Mātauranga
Ko te whakangungu me te mātauranga e tika ana te tūāpapa mō te whakapai ake i ngā pūkenga whakatere. Ko ngā kura whakatere, te whakangungu whakatere, me te tiwhikete he mea nui hei whakarite kia whiwhi ngā kaiwhakatere i ngā mātauranga me ngā pūkenga e tika ana.
a. Kura Whakatere Waka
Ka whakaratohia e ngā kura moana te mātauranga ōkawa e kapi ana i te ariā me te mahi whakatere. I reira, ka ako ngā ākonga mō ngā momo tikanga whakatere, te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu, me te urupare ki ngā āhuatanga ohorere.
b. Te Tiwhikete me te Whakangungu Tonu
Mā te tiwhikete me te whakangungu tonu ka noho tonu ngā kaiwhakatere moana ki ngā hangarau me ngā tikanga hou. He maha ngā whenua e hiahia ana ki te tiwhikete hei pupuri i ngā paerewa haumaru.
c. Ngā Mahi Whakaharatau
He wāhanga nui o te whakangungu ngā mahi whakaharatau i te moana. Mā ēnei ka taea e ngā kaiwhakatere te whakamahi i ngā mātauranga kua akohia e rātou ki te ao tūturu, me te whakapakari i ō rātou pūkenga mā roto i ngā wheako ā-ringa.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakatere moana whai hua he huinga o ngā tikanga, taputapu, me ngā mātauranga maha. Mai i ngā tikanga tuku iho pērā i te whakatere whetū me te whakamahinga o ngā kāpehu aukume ki ngā hangarau hou pērā i te GPS me ngā pūnaha whakatere inertia, he painga anō tō ia tikanga. Heoi, ko te mea nui ko te kaha o te heramana ki te whakauru i ēnei mātauranga katoa me te whakatau whai whakaaro i runga i te āhuatanga e pā ana. Nō reira, ko te mātauranga, te whakangungu, me te wheako ngā pou matua o te whakatere moana angitu me te haumaru.
